HGE Flashcards
A line joining the points of highest elevation of water in a series of vertical open pipes rising from a pipeline in which water flows under pressure
Hydraulic Gradient
A line that represents the elevation of energy head (in feet or meters) of water flowing in a pipe, conduit, or channel. The line is drawn above the hydraulic grade line (gradient) a distance equal to the velocity head (V2/2g) of the water flowing at each section or point along the pipe or channel
Energy Grade Line
Minor losses through valves, fittings, bends, contractions etc. are commonly modeled as proportional to:
Velocity Head
A pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly; a momentum change
Water Hammer or Hydraulic Shock or Hydraulic Surge
Flowing liquid are of irregular curves and continually cross each other and form a complicated network
Turbulent Flow
Uninterrupted flow in a fluid near a solid boundary which the direction of flow at every pt. remains constant
Laminar Flow
Velocity is the same at any given SECTION along the flow
Uniform Flow
Discharge is the same at any given SECTION along the flow
Continuous Flow
Discharge is the same at any given TIME
Steady Flow
Type of flow in which, for a fixed rate of flow, the specific energy is minimum (when Emin, depth is critical)
Critical Flow
Type of flow in which the density of the fluid is constant from one point to another
Incompressible Flow
Type of flow in which the fluid particles rotate about their own axis while flowing along the streamlines.
Rotational Flow
In a fluid at rest in a closed container, a pressure change in one part is transmitted undiminished (w/o loss) to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the container.
Pascal’s Law
In any stream flowing steadily w/o friction, the total energy contained is the same at every point in its path of flow.
Bernoulli’s Principle
The volume of a gas at constant temperature varies inversely as the pressure applied to the gas
Boyle’s Law
Principle about Buoyant Force
Archimedes’ Principle
A theorem in fluid dynamics relating to the speed of fluid flowing out of an orifice to the height of fluid above the opening
Torricelli’s
Properties of _______ soil.
Easy to compact
Low shear strength
Prone to settlement due to vibrating load
Cohesionless
Component of shear strength independent of interparticle friction
Cohesion
Properties of ______ soil.
Possesses high shear strength
Practically impermeable
Plastic and compressible
Decreased shear strength when disturbed
Cohesive
Temperature at which liquid water has the highest density
4 degree Celsius
Largest grain size that may pass through a No. 200 sieve
0.074 mm
A phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading
Liquefaction
A pile of sand keeps from spreading out like a liquid because of the weight of the sand keeps the grains stuck together in their current arrangement, mostly out of static friction. This weight and pressure is called.
Effective stress
