HGA1

Question 0

How sex creates uniqueness

Answer 0

• individuals possess 2 copies of the recipe for each trait
• only 1 copy for each trait is passed on to the next generation
• the complete recipe for the animal passed on to the next generation is a random mixture of the 2

Question 1

Homunculus

Answer 1

the female womb nourished the growth of a miniature baby implanted in it by the male sperm

Question 2

Clone

Answer 2

one or more individuals that share identical biological information

Question 3

Sex vs clones

Answer 3

• sex produces diversity

* clones produce uniformity

Question 4

Entire plants can be generated from

single cells that have been isolated from mature plants

Answer 4

• all of the info needed to generate a complete plant is in every single cell in a plant

Question 5

Frog

Answer 5

• removed nucleus from fertilized frog egg
• replaced it from one from a frog skin cell
• only got to tadpole development

Question 6

Scientific method

Answer 6

• observations
• hypothesis
• experiment
• assess/conclusion
• publish

Question 7

Scientific theory 1980

Answer 7

the cloning of mammals by simple nuclear transfer is biologically impossible
• not all genetic info is in a single cell (nutrient medium and hormones)

Question 8

Making of Dolly

Answer 8

• cells take from udder of mature sheep
• grown in nutrient medium for a few days, then starved (don’t buzz so can go from DNA to RNA – right position)
• mature egg cells taken from ewes, nuclei removed
• nuclei from udder into enucleated egg cells

Question 9

A unique individual arises when

Answer 9

a sperm fuses with an egg

Question 10

Human clones arise when

Answer 10

a single fertilized egg divides to produce 2 cells, each one of which develops to produce a new individual
•all info not in genome because the speed of division/migration is different, oxygen and nutrient levels different

Question 11

… allows complex organisms to develop

Answer 11

• cellular specialization
• communication
• cooperation

Question 12

Cells…

Answer 12

• assimilate nutrients from the environment
• use them to assemble various components in the cell
• eliminate waste products
• grow bigger until they reach critical size and then divide into 2
• each daughter cell takes up nutrients and begins the cycle again

Question 13

Every cellular function is executed by

Answer 13

proteins

Question 14

An incorrect acid-base sequence

Answer 14

may or may not alter the structure and hence the function of a protein
• some changes go unnoticed
• some changes can be endured
• others can result in a loss of structure and complete disharmony

Question 15

Sickle cells

Answer 15

• protein of normally shaped cells has an amino acid at position 6 in the chain that can interact with water
• the amino acid at this position in haemoglobin from sickle cells has an amino acid that avoids water
• all other 286 amino acids are correct

Question 16

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 16

• normal epithelial cells have a channel forming protein
• absent from the membranes of similar cells in CF
• do produce protein that lacks the amino acid found at position 508 in the normal version