Heteronormative Hegemony

Question 1

What were Gary Kingsman’s ideas on sexual regulation?

Answer 1

Gender is assigned at birth based off of sexual organs-but these don’t actually imply gender.

Question 2

What do biological determinists argue about gender?

Answer 2

Biology determines gender (and sexuality and sexual identity)

Question 3

How is the gender binary considered hierarchical?

Answer 3

Associates maleness/masculinity with universality and strength, femininity as weak and soft.

Question 4

What were the characteristics of early sexology in the 1800s?

Answer 4

Terms homo and heterosexuality did not exist; but laws and social norms banned sexual acts between people of the same sex. Wearing clothes of opposite sex was also forbidden.

Question 5

What did people in the 1800s contribute sexual deviancy to?

Answer 5

Sin, rather than a problem with their personality.

Question 6

What changed about sexology in the 1850s?

Answer 6

Sexologists and psychologists began studying behaviour, and came up with the idea that some men and women are of a third sex (had same sex relations and participated in gender variant behaviour).

Question 7

Why did non-state institutions start creating gender categorizations in the 1850s?

Answer 7

To understand deviance and inform the law.

Question 8

What was the idea of sexual inversion in the 1870s?

Answer 8

Idea that homosexuality was inborn, and resulted in changes in the brain while in the womb (changes made them inverts-brain and behaviour resembles that of the opposite sex.

Question 9

What were women who fought for the right to vote described as in terms of inversion?

Answer 9

Manish Inverts- desire for masculine rights and a seduction of younger women.

Question 10

What was the belief about homosexuality in the 20th century?

Answer 10

Homosexuality as “infantile regression.

Question 11

How are early 20th century ideas of homosexuality related to the idea of governmentality?

Answer 11

Med (non-legal) informs legal doctrines- various strategies implemented to cure and adjust patients to heteronormative lives. Official knowledge produced so that social agencies can understand, classify, policy, and regulate sexual lives. Constructs heteronormative hegemony.

Question 12

What was the case of Klippert v the Crown? (1967)?

Answer 12

North west territories- acknowledges to the police that he is gay and will not change. Then sent indefinitely to prison as a dangerous sex offender.

Question 13

How does Sovereign power affect ideas of heteronormative hegemony?

Answer 13

Laws, FRA, JDA, provisions in criminal code which are enforced by courts and police. Systemic monitoring and harassment of LGBTQ communities. Imprisonment.

Question 14

How does disciplinary power affect ideas of heteronormative hegemony?

Answer 14

Internalized norms, gender binaries/division of labour, roles/expetations, self-regulation and family pressures.

Question 15

How does governmentality/biopower affect ideas of heternormative hegemony?

Answer 15

“Expert” knowledge and discourses on deviance, homosexuality, transsexuals, and non-conforming women raises concerns about society morality, and welfare.

Question 16

What was the device the Fruit Machine used for?

Answer 16

A device used to identify gay men, particularly those in civil service. Suspected people were made to watch porn and they looked at biological markers of erotic responses, during a campaign to remove gay men from federal institutions.

Question 17

What were the ideas around gay men during the time that the fruit machine was in operation?

Answer 17

Gay men as deviant and morally weak; susceptible to communist ideologies.

Question 18

What is the archetypal, immoral woman?

Answer 18

A prostitute

Question 19

What does the prostitute symbolize?

Answer 19

Moral loss, uncleanliness, and disease.

Question 20

What did first-wave feminists think about prostitutes?

Answer 20

Still held the views of moral loss, uncleanliness, and disease. Reinforced this regulation.

Question 21

What did 2nd wave feminists advocate for in the 1960s in general?

Answer 21

Challenged the policing of women’s sexuality, advocated for reproductive justice and the right of choice in a relationship.

Question 22

What did radical feminists identify?

Answer 22

How the law is patriarcical and misogynistic- used by men to control women for the benefit of male interest and domination. Men are not regulated for immoral sexual behaviour but are told to self regulate by not sleeping with prostitutes.

Question 23

What were 3rd wave feminists ideas on sex and prostitution?

Answer 23

Sex positive feminism-parallels between constructing sex workers as dirty and the language used to discourage sex work today by anti-sex work feminists. Women do not need saving; laws need to protect sex workers and recognize their work as real labour.

Question 24

What were Professor Dominique Roe-Speowitz’ ideas on prostitution?

Answer 24

Pathologizes sex workers as freaking, weird, and gross. Slut-shaming. The prostitute body as a vessel of sexually transmitted destruction.