hesi primary 2 Flashcards
Xerosis cutis
Xerosis cutis is the medical term for abnormally dry skin. Dry skin is common, especially in older adults, and it is usually a minor and temporary problem.
anomia
a form of aphasia in which the patient is unable to recall the names of everyday objects.
Pioglitazone (Actos) is contraindicated in patients with ?
Pioglitazone (Actos) is contraindicated in patients with class III or IV heart disease and congestive heart failure because it causes water retention.
sulfa allergies
Patients with sulfa allergies may be sensitive to thiazides, loop diuretics, and some protease inhibitors (e.g., darunavair, fosamprenavir), which are used in the treatment of HIV. Potassium-sparing diuretics are a safe alternative for patients with severe sulfa allergy
Reye’s syndrome,
Reye’s syndrome, which is a rare condition that can develop in children and young adults recuperating from febrile viral infections who ingest aspirin or salicylate medications. The condition can progress very quickly. Stage 1 symptoms are severe vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, stupor, and elevated ALT and AST. Stage 2 includes personality changes, irritability, aggression, and hyperactive (not hypoactive) reflexes. Stages 3 to 5 present with confusion, delirium, cerebral edema, coma, seizures, and death.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) inhibit the vasodilatory effects of prostaglandins, which predisposes the kidney to ischemia. NSAIDs can cause acute kidney injury by decreasing renal blood flow. Nonselective NSAIDs can adversely affect the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, liver, cardiovascular system, and lungs (bronchospasm).
thiazide diuretic side effects
Side effects of thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide are hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesteremia. Patients should also be monitored for hypokalemia, hyponatremia (not hypernatremia), and hypomagnesemia.
SSRIs
Fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and paroxetine (Paxil CR) are SSRIs.
If a patient has a positive nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for Chlamydia trachomatis, both the patient and their sexual partner should be treated with what?
While azithromycin 1 g PO in a single dose or doxycycline 100 mg PO BID × 7 days are recommended regimens, azithromycin is the preferred treatment due to the compliance advantage of a single dose.
dig toxicity
The classic symptoms of digoxin toxicity are nausea, vomiting, confusion, and yellowish-green halos in the patient’s vision. Digoxin toxicity can cause hypokalemia and hypercalcemia.
Lithium toxicity symptoms
are seizures, slurred speech, increased urination, and increased thirst.
Phenytoin (Dilantin) toxicity symptoms
include nystagmus, ataxia, and confusion.
Carbamazepine (Tegretol) toxicity
will present as a skin rash and jaundice.
how do thiazide diuretics decrease calcium excretion?
by the kidneys and stimulate osteoblast production.
This positive side effect of thiazides results in a decrease in calcium bone loss and an increase in BMD.
The therapeutic level of phenytoin (Dilantin) is?
The therapeutic level of phenytoin (Dilantin) is 10 to 20 mcg/mL. Levels greater than this may cause adverse effects: 20 to 30 mcg/mL, nystagmus; 30 to 40 mcg/mL, ataxia; 40 to 50 mcg/mL, mental status changes; >50 mcg/mL, breakthrough seizures; and levels near 100 mcg/ mL may cause death.
Vitamin K in green leafy vegetables and Warfarin?
Green leafy vegetables have high levels of vitamin K, which can bind with the blood-clotting cascade and decrease the bleeding time. Vitamin K and warfarin sodium (Coumadin) have opposing effects. Vitamin K helps to decrease bleeding time; Coumadin helps to increase bleeding time. Leafy green vegetables high in vitamin K would normally decrease the bleeding time. In a patient who is taking Coumadin, the high vitamin K would interfere with the desired effect of the Coumadin (which would be to prolong or increase clotting time) and, in fact, would have the opposite effect, which would be to shorten or decrease the clotting time.
diuretics contraindicated in patients with sulfa allergies
Thiazides (hydrochlorothiazide and indapamide) and loop diuretics (furosemide and bumetanide) are contraindicated in patients with sulfa allergies. Potassium-sparing diuretics are a suitable alternative.
Terazosin (Hytrin)
Terazosin (Hytrin) is a quinazoline used to treat symptoms of BPH and hypertension.
Silodosin (Rapaflo) i
Silodosin (Rapaflo) is used to manage the signs and symptoms of BPH.
Finasteride (Proscar)
Finasteride (Proscar) is used to treat symptomatic BPH.
Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline)
Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline) is a nonselective alpha-adrenergic blocker used to improve urinary flow; however, because of nonselectivity, it has a high incidence of adverse effects.
Chronic use of NSAIDs is associated with increased risk of ? What systems are effected?
Chronic use of NSAIDs is associated with increased risk of ulcers, perforation, bleeding of the gastrointestinal tract, heart attacks, cardiovascular damage, strokes, acute interstitial nephritis and kidney injury, and liver damage. It can also affect the lungs of those with asthma or underlying aspirin sensitivity, causing bronchospasm. Chronic NSAID use does not adversely affect the endocrine system.
positive Finkelstein’s test
Finkelstein’s test is used to diagnose de Quervain’s tenosynovitis. De Quervain’s tenosynovitis occurs from repetitive movement or overuse of the wrist and thumb. The symptoms associated with de Quervain’s tenosynovitis result from inflammation of the tendons and sheaths located on the thumb side of the wrist, causing pain traveling up the arm and swelling over the thumb and wrist. The patient will be instructed to apply ice packs for a prescribed amount of time daily and take a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug such as ibuprofen for discomfort.
Tetracyclines (category D) safe for children?
should not be prescribed for patients younger than 9 years old.