Hershey Chapter 12

Question 1

2 Ways Money Comes into Caimpaigns

Answer 1

1. Candidate’s Campaign- individuals, parties, traditional PACs, personal funds are given.
2. Outside Spending- Parties, super PACs, nonprofits, corporations, unions, wealthy individuals donate. Not to campaign but independent ventures.

Question 2

Independent Spending

Answer 2

1. Own money spent to allocate voters/promote a candidate, but not coordinated with the candidate.

Question 3

Express Advocacy Ads

Answer 3

Advertising that explicitly recommends the election or defeat of a candidate.

Question 4

Issue Ads

Answer 4

Discusses broad political issues rather than specific candidates.

Question 5

Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) 1974

Answer 5

1. Put limits on federal campaign contributions.
2. System of Public funding for Presidential campaigns.
3. Individuals only donate $1,000 per candidate.

Question 6

Traditional PAC (Political Action Committee)

Answer 6

1. Raise/spend money to influence elections.

2. $5,000 per candidate per election (FECA)

Question 7

Leadership PACs

Answer 7

Created by members of parties to donate to their party’s congressional campaign committee.

Question 8

Coordinated Spending

Answer 8

1. Party spends money in coordination with candidate’s campaign, such as media ads or polling.
2. Varies by state, more $ in California vs Wyoming.

Question 9

Public Funding for Presidential Elections

Answer 9

Voluntary contributions from taxpayers. Comes with requirement to demonstrate broad public support.

Question 10

Buckley v. Valeo (1976)- The Money Loophole

Answer 10

1. No limits to candidate using personal funds.
2. No limits on outside spending.
3. No limits on advertising not associated with campaigns.

Question 11

Soft Money

Answer 11

1. Money not given directly to political candidate.

2. Allowed unlimited spending/fundraising of money for party building/voter mobilization.

Question 12

Issue Advocacy Ads

Answer 12

Ads that didn’t include key terms in order to not be classified as campaign ads.

Question 13

(Un)Intended Effects of 1970’s Reforms

Answer 13

1. Limitation of hard money contributions.
2. Loopholes to gaining massive soft-money.
3. Most money from corporations/interest groups.

Question 14

Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) 2002

Answer 14

1. Banned soft-money to national parties..

2. Shrunk loophole ad issue.

Question 15

Electioneering Communication

Answer 15

1. Not funded by corporations/unions.
2. Only funded by public/individual money.
3. Increased individual contribution to $2,000.

Question 16

527s

Answer 16

1. 527 of tax code allows certain tax-exempt groups to accept unlimited soft money.
2. Goes into elections, funds are disclosed.

Question 17

501c4s

Answer 17

1. Social nonprofit welfare groups that can accept unlimited donations and are undisclosed to public.

Question 18

Dark Money

Answer 18

funds donated to nonprofit organizations that spend it to influence elections. They can receive an unlimited amount of donations, and donors are undisclosed.

Question 19

Bundling

Answer 19

Individuals/Groups bundle contributions and deliver them to a campaign for a larger donation.

Question 20

Citizen’s United v. FEC

Answer 20

1. Allowed corporations/unions to spend unlimited at any time of an election on ads to advocate presidential/congressional elections.
2. Created Super PACs.

Question 21

Super PACs

Answer 21

Accept unlimited donations from corporations/unions.