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Herpesviridae Flashcards

1
Q

what are viral characteristics of herpesviridae?

A

Enveloped (spiked)
ds DNA
icosahedral capsid

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2
Q

How does viral replication take place?

A
  • fusion of viral envelope with cell membrane
  • nucleocapsid migrates to cell nucleus –> replication
  • Viral transcription – immediate early, early, and late
  • structural proteins and genome are assembled and released
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3
Q

How does herpesviridae persist?

A

Certain host cells can prevent transcription –> viral genome persists, does not replicate, host cell survives

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4
Q

What virus is a broad host range herpesvirus that causes fatal encephalitis in a wide variety of species but not its natural host? What is the natural host?

A

Pseudorabies virus

Adult pig

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5
Q

How can herpesviruses be recovered in the dx laboratory?

A

Readily cultivated in cell culture

Some produce pocks on chorioallantoic membrane

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6
Q

What are the three subfamilies?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae
Betaherpesvirinae
Gammaherpesvirinae

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7
Q

What are the major differences b/w families Alphaherpesvirinae and Betaherpesvirinae?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae

  • short replication cycle (24 hours)
  • latent infection in lymphoreticular and secretory gland cells
  • little veterinary significance
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8
Q

What are the herpesvirus concerns in birds?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae

  1. Marek’s disease-like virus: Gallid herpesvirus-2: Marek’s Disease
  2. Infectious laryngo-tracheitis-like viruses: Gallid herpesvirus-1: Infectious laryngotracheitis
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9
Q

What are the herpesvirus concerns in cats?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae

1. Varicllovirus- Feline Herpesvirus-1: Feline viral rhinotracheitis

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10
Q

What are the herpesvirus concerns in cattle only?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae

  1. Simplexvirus: BHV-2
  2. Varicellovirus: BHV-1: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
  3. Varicellovirus: BHV-5
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11
Q

What are the herpesvirus concerns in cattle, sheep, and other ruminants?

A

Gammaherpesvirinae

  1. Rhadinovirus: Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1: Malignant Catarrhal Fever - wildebeest is natural host
  2. Ovine herpesvirus-2: Malignant Catarrhal fever - sheep are natural hosts
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12
Q

What are the herpesvirus concerns in dogs?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae

1. Varicellovirus: CHV-1: Canine herpesvirus infection

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13
Q

What are the herpesvirus concerns in swine?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae

  1. Varicellovirus: PHV-1: Pseudorabies or Aujesky’s disease
  2. Varicellovirus: PHV-2: Inclusion body rhinitis
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14
Q

What are the important viruses in bovine respiratory disease complex - Shipping fever?

A
  1. BHV-1
  2. bovine parainfluenza virus (BPIV-3)
  3. bovine respiratory synctial virus (BRSV)
  4. BVDV
  5. Bovine coronavirus (BCV)
  6. Bovine adenoviruses (BAV)
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15
Q

What are the important bacteria involved in shipping fever?

A
  1. Pasteurella haemolytica (Mannheimia haemolytica)

2. Pasteurella multocida

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16
Q

What is the bovine respiratory disease complex?

A

BHV-1 = bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus (BIRV)

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17
Q

How is BHV-1 transmitted? Incubation?

A

Aerosol
Direct contact
4-6 days

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18
Q

What are the different forms of BHV-1 disease?

A
  1. Respiratory form (rhinotracheitis)
  2. Genital disease (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis)
  3. Neural form: meningoencephalitis
  4. Systemic disease: young calves
  5. Keratoconjunctivitis: ‘pink eye’
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19
Q

What are farm management factors that can contribute to increased rates of BRD?

A
  • imporoper weaning
  • mixing cattle
  • extended transport time
  • dehydration
  • poor nutrition
  • stress
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20
Q

Explain the development of BRD (shipping fever)

A

Stress or other factors allow BHV infection –> IBR –> ulcers in trachea –> bacteria replicate and deposit further down the respiratory tract –> BRD –> severe pneumonia

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs and lesions of BRD?

A

nasal discharge
ulceration
conjunctivitis with ocular discharge
inflammation of nasal mucosa (red nose)
open mouth breathing
abortion may occur after respiratory dz or w/o other signs
necrotic lesions in epiglottis
fibrinopurulent discharge in nasal cavity
hemorrhage in turbinates, nasal mucosa, trachea

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22
Q

What are three ways an animal can have immunity to BHV?

A
  1. immunity to genital disease following recovery from respiratory disease and vice versa
  2. neutralizing antibody
  3. secretory IgA and CMI
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23
Q

Are there vaccines available for BRD?

A

Yes
Modified live - best choice but may cause abortion
inactivated
intranasal vaccine

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24
Q

How do we diagnose and test for BRD?

A

Virus isolation
immune fluorescence test
ELISA
PCR

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25
What is Porcine Herpesvirus-1 also known as?
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) = Aujeszky's disease
26
T/F | Increase in PRV infections are due to emergence of more virulent virus
False | It is mainly due to change in management practice in swine industry
27
What are the dead end hosts for PHV?
``` cattle sheep dog cat raccoon rabbit -- most vulnerable to infection rodents chickens ```
28
how is PHV transmitted?
from acutely or latently infected pigs nose-nose contact pregnant sows transmit to piglets aerosol food, water, floor, bedding (usually to cattle) infected placenta and dead piglets (usually to dogs, cats...) small % of latent infected animals shed virus in nasal secretion, saliva
29
What is PHV susceptible to?
heat, direct sunlight, and dry conditions -- inactivates virus
30
In what animals are losses high from PHV?
non-immuned pregnant sows pigs < 3 months old born to non-immune sows farms that mix pigs from several different sources
31
What is the pathogenesis of PHV?
Viremia virus initially replicates in tonsillar and pharyngeal tissues, olfactory trigeminal nerves, and glossopharyngeal nerves --> brain virus replication in respiratory tract --> infxn of macrophages and leukocytes --> virus dissemination particularly to placenta
32
what are clinical signs in young pigs with PHV?
``` fever vomiting and diarrhea excessive salivation CNS signs animals die within 8 days ```
33
What are clinical signs in older pigs with PHV?
``` Fever, depression, anorexia, listlessness constipation vomiting coughing, sneezing, labored breathing CNS signs lesions: ganglioneuritis meningoencephalitis perivascular cuffing necrosis of neuronal and glial cells congestion of nasal mucosa, pharynx, tonsillitis and rhinitis, pulmonary congestion and edema ```
34
What are clinical signs in pregnant sows with PHV?
respiratory and GI signs infection b/f 30 days - death and resorption of embryo infection after 30 days - abortion or stillbirth and mummification of fetuses
35
What are clinical signs of cattle with PHV?
Decrease in milk production violent licking of parts of the body animals become frenzied bites and gnawas at skin and rubs head and neck death w/in 2 days after first signs of disease
36
What are clinical signs of dogs with PHV? cats?
Dogs - pruritis accompanied by excessive salivation and howling like in rabies infxn Cats - dz progresses so fast pruritis is not observed
37
What type of immune response do animals have with PHV?
humoral or CMI | maternal antibody prevents signs of dz but not infection
38
Are there vaccines available for PHV?
Modified live Inactivated gene deleted vaccines
39
How is PHV diagnosed?
Clinical signs and virus isolation IFA PCR ELISA
40
What are the major herpesvirus that affect horses?
Alphaherpesvirinae 1. Varicellovirus EHV-1: Equine herpesvirus abortion 2. " EHV-3: Equine coital exanthema 3. EHV-4: Equine rhinopneumonitis
41
What two EHV have cross neutralizing antibodies?
EHV-1 and EHV-4
42
What does EHV-1 mainly cause? EHV-4?
EHV-1 Mainly abortion also associated with respiratory disease and neurologic dz EHV-4 Mainly respiratory disease occasionally abortion
43
What was EHV-1 known as? why?
Equine rhinopneumonitis virus | caused rhinopneumonitis in foals
44
How is EHV transmitted?
EHV-1 and EHV-4: direct or indirect contact mainly to nasal discharge (ingestion and inhalation) EHV-2: respiratory route EHV-3: genital and respiratory route ** horses may remain a reservoir for the virus and infect other animals through shedding of virus in nasal, oral, or genital secretions
45
What clinical signs are seen in horses with EHV-1?
``` Young animals: URI characterized by fever lasting 2-5 days serous nasal discharge congestion of nasal mucosa conjunctivitis transitory period of anorexia enlargement of submandibular lymph nodes leukopenia followed by leukocytosis b/f temp falls ``` Older horses: few or no clinical signs
46
Do young animals recover after EHV infection?
Yes | usually w/in a week
47
What does EHV-1 do to pregnant mares?
spontaneous abortion during 8-11 months of pregnancy foals are usually born dead if alive, the foal will death often occurs due to pneumonia infected mares usually abort once
48
What are some gross and microscopic lesions of EHV-1 respiratory disease?
Inflammation Congestion Necrosis of upper respiratory tract Intranuclear inclusion bodies in the respiratory epithelium
49
T/F | EHV-1 can induce neurological disease
True | virus spreads from respiratory tract to the CNS via infected leukocytes
50
What are clinical signs of EHV-4 infected horses?
``` Young animals: URI characterized by fever lasting 2-5 days serous nasal discharge congestion of nasal mucosa conjunctivitis transitory period of anorexia enlargement of submandibular lymph nodes leukopenia followed by leukocytosis b/f temp falls ``` Older horses: few or no clinical signs
51
How can EHV-2 be isolated?
``` respiratory tract spleen buffy coat kidneys genital tract testicles rectum ```
52
What is seen in horses infected with EHV-3? Can these horses recover?
Lesions are small, raised and red papules - lead to pustules - ulceration Lesions on vulva, vagina, perineal skin, penis/prepuse --> Sloughing of these surfaces yes - w/in 2 weeks
53
T/F | All EHV induce abortion/infertility
False | EHV-3 does not
54
What two EHV are worldwide?
EHV-1 and EHV-4
55
T/F | EHV has intranuclear inclusion bodies
True
56
When do EHV-3 lesions appear?
10 days after infected service
57
What does the neurologic symptoms of EHV-1 infection look like?
Ataxia Paralysis Caudua equina neuritis --> unilateral gluteal atrophy: tail paralysed
58
What do aborted fetuses look like that are infected with EHV?
- widespread hemorrhages and edema - yellowish discoloration of fetal conjunctiva - splenomegaly, excessive pleural fluid, pulmonary edema - liver necrosis and jaundice - eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies: good indication it is a DNA virus
59
What causes immunity for EHV?
``` EHV-1 and EHV-4: 7-10 days after infection short lived passive transfer of immunity CMI ``` EHV-2 and EHV-3: Immunity is not well understood
60
What vaccines are available for EHV?
Inactivated -- RESPIRATORY only Inactivated -- respiratory and abortion vaccine Modified live EHV-1 ** look at chart in ppt**
61
What months of gestation do you vaccinate pregnant mares for EHV?
5th, 7th, and 9th month of gestation (inactivated EHV-1)
62
What does the Fluvac Innovator - inactivated virus vaccine cover?
1. WEE/EEE 2. West nile 3. Tetanus Toxin 4. Influenza A2 5. EHV-1/EHV-4
63
What are contraindications/adverse effects of vaccination for EHV?
1. do not use in ill or unhealthy horses/ponies 2. Horses on immunosuppressive drugs should wait 4 weeks before being vaccinated 3. Systemic reaction is possible like with any vaccine 4. Local rxn at injection site can occur - should disappear w/in 7 days after vaccination 5. DO NOT use modified live vaccines in pregnant mares
64
How is EHV diagnosed?
Clinical signs Virus isolation PCR Serological tests Complement fixation -- obtain viral titer from blood Post mortem tissue cultures of brain and/or spinal cord
65
What is the subfamily for CHV?
Gammaherpesvirinae
66
How is CHV transmitted?
``` Oronasal exposure Highly infectious and cytopathic In utero infection: infection while passing through birth canal Contact with infected puppies Oronasal secretions of infected dam Fomites ```
67
What happens in puppies 2 weeks?
< 1 week: fatal generalized infection | > 2 weeks: mild or subclinical infection
68
What happens in older dogs infected with CHV?
Virus replicates in nasopharynx, tonsils, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, bronchial lymph nodes, lungs, and genital tract

Virology (exam 2) (4 decks)

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