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Virology (exam 2) > Herpesviridae > Flashcards

Herpesviridae Flashcards

1
Q

what are viral characteristics of herpesviridae?

A

Enveloped (spiked)
ds DNA
icosahedral capsid

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2
Q

How does viral replication take place?

A
  • fusion of viral envelope with cell membrane
  • nucleocapsid migrates to cell nucleus –> replication
  • Viral transcription – immediate early, early, and late
  • structural proteins and genome are assembled and released
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3
Q

How does herpesviridae persist?

A

Certain host cells can prevent transcription –> viral genome persists, does not replicate, host cell survives

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4
Q

What virus is a broad host range herpesvirus that causes fatal encephalitis in a wide variety of species but not its natural host? What is the natural host?

A

Pseudorabies virus

Adult pig

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5
Q

How can herpesviruses be recovered in the dx laboratory?

A

Readily cultivated in cell culture

Some produce pocks on chorioallantoic membrane

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6
Q

What are the three subfamilies?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae
Betaherpesvirinae
Gammaherpesvirinae

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7
Q

What are the major differences b/w families Alphaherpesvirinae and Betaherpesvirinae?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae

  • short replication cycle (24 hours)
  • latent infection in lymphoreticular and secretory gland cells
  • little veterinary significance
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8
Q

What are the herpesvirus concerns in birds?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae

  1. Marek’s disease-like virus: Gallid herpesvirus-2: Marek’s Disease
  2. Infectious laryngo-tracheitis-like viruses: Gallid herpesvirus-1: Infectious laryngotracheitis
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9
Q

What are the herpesvirus concerns in cats?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae

1. Varicllovirus- Feline Herpesvirus-1: Feline viral rhinotracheitis

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10
Q

What are the herpesvirus concerns in cattle only?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae

  1. Simplexvirus: BHV-2
  2. Varicellovirus: BHV-1: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
  3. Varicellovirus: BHV-5
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11
Q

What are the herpesvirus concerns in cattle, sheep, and other ruminants?

A

Gammaherpesvirinae

  1. Rhadinovirus: Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1: Malignant Catarrhal Fever - wildebeest is natural host
  2. Ovine herpesvirus-2: Malignant Catarrhal fever - sheep are natural hosts
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12
Q

What are the herpesvirus concerns in dogs?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae

1. Varicellovirus: CHV-1: Canine herpesvirus infection

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13
Q

What are the herpesvirus concerns in swine?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae

  1. Varicellovirus: PHV-1: Pseudorabies or Aujesky’s disease
  2. Varicellovirus: PHV-2: Inclusion body rhinitis
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14
Q

What are the important viruses in bovine respiratory disease complex - Shipping fever?

A
  1. BHV-1
  2. bovine parainfluenza virus (BPIV-3)
  3. bovine respiratory synctial virus (BRSV)
  4. BVDV
  5. Bovine coronavirus (BCV)
  6. Bovine adenoviruses (BAV)
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15
Q

What are the important bacteria involved in shipping fever?

A
  1. Pasteurella haemolytica (Mannheimia haemolytica)

2. Pasteurella multocida

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16
Q

What is the bovine respiratory disease complex?

A

BHV-1 = bovine infectious rhinotracheitis virus (BIRV)

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17
Q

How is BHV-1 transmitted? Incubation?

A

Aerosol
Direct contact
4-6 days

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18
Q

What are the different forms of BHV-1 disease?

A
  1. Respiratory form (rhinotracheitis)
  2. Genital disease (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis)
  3. Neural form: meningoencephalitis
  4. Systemic disease: young calves
  5. Keratoconjunctivitis: ‘pink eye’
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19
Q

What are farm management factors that can contribute to increased rates of BRD?

A
  • imporoper weaning
  • mixing cattle
  • extended transport time
  • dehydration
  • poor nutrition
  • stress
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20
Q

Explain the development of BRD (shipping fever)

A

Stress or other factors allow BHV infection –> IBR –> ulcers in trachea –> bacteria replicate and deposit further down the respiratory tract –> BRD –> severe pneumonia

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs and lesions of BRD?

A

nasal discharge
ulceration
conjunctivitis with ocular discharge
inflammation of nasal mucosa (red nose)
open mouth breathing
abortion may occur after respiratory dz or w/o other signs
necrotic lesions in epiglottis
fibrinopurulent discharge in nasal cavity
hemorrhage in turbinates, nasal mucosa, trachea

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22
Q

What are three ways an animal can have immunity to BHV?

A
  1. immunity to genital disease following recovery from respiratory disease and vice versa
  2. neutralizing antibody
  3. secretory IgA and CMI
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23
Q

Are there vaccines available for BRD?

A

Yes
Modified live - best choice but may cause abortion
inactivated
intranasal vaccine

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24
Q

How do we diagnose and test for BRD?

A

Virus isolation
immune fluorescence test
ELISA
PCR

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25
Q

What is Porcine Herpesvirus-1 also known as?

A

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) = Aujeszky’s disease

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26
Q

T/F

Increase in PRV infections are due to emergence of more virulent virus

A

False

It is mainly due to change in management practice in swine industry

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27
Q

What are the dead end hosts for PHV?

A 
cattle
sheep
dog
cat
raccoon
rabbit -- most vulnerable to infection 
rodents
chickens
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28
Q

how is PHV transmitted?

A

from acutely or latently infected pigs
nose-nose contact
pregnant sows transmit to piglets
aerosol
food, water, floor, bedding (usually to cattle)
infected placenta and dead piglets (usually to dogs, cats…)
small % of latent infected animals shed virus in nasal secretion, saliva

29
Q

What is PHV susceptible to?

A

heat, direct sunlight, and dry conditions – inactivates virus

30
Q

In what animals are losses high from PHV?

A

non-immuned pregnant sows
pigs < 3 months old born to non-immune sows
farms that mix pigs from several different sources

31
Q

What is the pathogenesis of PHV?

A

Viremia
virus initially replicates in tonsillar and pharyngeal tissues, olfactory trigeminal nerves, and glossopharyngeal nerves –> brain

virus replication in respiratory tract –> infxn of macrophages and leukocytes –> virus dissemination particularly to placenta

32
Q

what are clinical signs in young pigs with PHV?

A 
fever
vomiting and diarrhea
excessive salivation
CNS signs
animals die within 8 days
33
Q

What are clinical signs in older pigs with PHV?

A 
Fever, depression, anorexia, listlessness
constipation
vomiting
coughing, sneezing, labored breathing
CNS signs
lesions: ganglioneuritis
meningoencephalitis
perivascular cuffing
necrosis of neuronal and glial cells
congestion of nasal mucosa, pharynx, tonsillitis and rhinitis, pulmonary congestion and edema
34
Q

What are clinical signs in pregnant sows with PHV?

A

respiratory and GI signs
infection b/f 30 days - death and resorption of embryo
infection after 30 days - abortion or stillbirth and mummification of fetuses

35
Q

What are clinical signs of cattle with PHV?

A

Decrease in milk production
violent licking of parts of the body
animals become frenzied
bites and gnawas at skin and rubs head and neck
death w/in 2 days after first signs of disease

36
Q

What are clinical signs of dogs with PHV? cats?

A

Dogs - pruritis accompanied by excessive salivation and howling like in rabies infxn

Cats - dz progresses so fast pruritis is not observed

37
Q

What type of immune response do animals have with PHV?

A

humoral or CMI

maternal antibody prevents signs of dz but not infection

38
Q

Are there vaccines available for PHV?

A

Modified live
Inactivated
gene deleted vaccines

39
Q

How is PHV diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs and virus isolation
IFA
PCR
ELISA

40
Q

What are the major herpesvirus that affect horses?

A

Alphaherpesvirinae

  1. Varicellovirus EHV-1: Equine herpesvirus abortion
  2. ” EHV-3: Equine coital exanthema
  3. EHV-4: Equine rhinopneumonitis
41
Q

What two EHV have cross neutralizing antibodies?

A

EHV-1 and EHV-4

42
Q

What does EHV-1 mainly cause? EHV-4?

A

EHV-1
Mainly abortion
also associated with respiratory disease and neurologic dz

EHV-4
Mainly respiratory disease
occasionally abortion

43
Q

What was EHV-1 known as? why?

A

Equine rhinopneumonitis virus

caused rhinopneumonitis in foals

44
Q

How is EHV transmitted?

A

EHV-1 and EHV-4: direct or indirect contact mainly to nasal discharge (ingestion and inhalation)

EHV-2: respiratory route

EHV-3: genital and respiratory route

** horses may remain a reservoir for the virus and infect other animals through shedding of virus in nasal, oral, or genital secretions

45
Q

What clinical signs are seen in horses with EHV-1?

A 
Young animals:
URI characterized by fever lasting 2-5 days
serous nasal discharge
congestion of nasal mucosa
conjunctivitis
transitory period of anorexia
enlargement of submandibular lymph nodes
leukopenia followed by leukocytosis b/f temp falls

Older horses:
few or no clinical signs

46
Q

Do young animals recover after EHV infection?

A

Yes

usually w/in a week

47
Q

What does EHV-1 do to pregnant mares?

A

spontaneous abortion during 8-11 months of pregnancy
foals are usually born dead
if alive, the foal will death often occurs due to pneumonia
infected mares usually abort once

48
Q

What are some gross and microscopic lesions of EHV-1 respiratory disease?

A

Inflammation
Congestion
Necrosis of upper respiratory tract
Intranuclear inclusion bodies in the respiratory epithelium

49
Q

T/F

EHV-1 can induce neurological disease

A

True

virus spreads from respiratory tract to the CNS via infected leukocytes

50
Q

What are clinical signs of EHV-4 infected horses?

A 
Young animals:
URI characterized by fever lasting 2-5 days
serous nasal discharge
congestion of nasal mucosa
conjunctivitis
transitory period of anorexia
enlargement of submandibular lymph nodes
leukopenia followed by leukocytosis b/f temp falls

Older horses:
few or no clinical signs

51
Q

How can EHV-2 be isolated?

A 
respiratory tract
spleen
buffy coat
kidneys
genital tract
testicles
rectum
52
Q

What is seen in horses infected with EHV-3? Can these horses recover?

A

Lesions are small, raised and red papules - lead to pustules - ulceration
Lesions on vulva, vagina, perineal skin, penis/prepuse
–> Sloughing of these surfaces

yes - w/in 2 weeks

53
Q

T/F

All EHV induce abortion/infertility

A

False

EHV-3 does not

54
Q

What two EHV are worldwide?

A

EHV-1 and EHV-4

55
Q

T/F

EHV has intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

True

56
Q

When do EHV-3 lesions appear?

A

10 days after infected service

57
Q

What does the neurologic symptoms of EHV-1 infection look like?

A

Ataxia
Paralysis
Caudua equina neuritis –> unilateral gluteal atrophy: tail paralysed

58
Q

What do aborted fetuses look like that are infected with EHV?

A
  • widespread hemorrhages and edema
  • yellowish discoloration of fetal conjunctiva
  • splenomegaly, excessive pleural fluid, pulmonary edema
  • liver necrosis and jaundice
  • eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies: good indication it is a DNA virus
59
Q

What causes immunity for EHV?

A 
EHV-1 and EHV-4:
7-10 days after infection 
short lived
passive transfer of immunity
CMI

EHV-2 and EHV-3:
Immunity is not well understood

60
Q

What vaccines are available for EHV?

A

Inactivated – RESPIRATORY only
Inactivated – respiratory and abortion vaccine
Modified live EHV-1

** look at chart in ppt**

61
Q

What months of gestation do you vaccinate pregnant mares for EHV?

A

5th, 7th, and 9th month of gestation (inactivated EHV-1)

62
Q

What does the Fluvac Innovator - inactivated virus vaccine cover?

A
  1. WEE/EEE
  2. West nile
  3. Tetanus Toxin
  4. Influenza A2
  5. EHV-1/EHV-4
63
Q

What are contraindications/adverse effects of vaccination for EHV?

A
  1. do not use in ill or unhealthy horses/ponies
  2. Horses on immunosuppressive drugs should wait 4 weeks before being vaccinated
  3. Systemic reaction is possible like with any vaccine
  4. Local rxn at injection site can occur - should disappear w/in 7 days after vaccination
  5. DO NOT use modified live vaccines in pregnant mares
64
Q

How is EHV diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs
Virus isolation
PCR
Serological tests

Complement fixation – obtain viral titer from blood
Post mortem tissue cultures of brain and/or spinal cord

65
Q

What is the subfamily for CHV?

A

Gammaherpesvirinae

66
Q

How is CHV transmitted?

A 
Oronasal exposure
Highly infectious and cytopathic
In utero infection: infection while passing through birth canal
Contact with infected puppies
Oronasal secretions of infected dam
Fomites
67
Q

What happens in puppies 2 weeks?

A

< 1 week: fatal generalized infection

> 2 weeks: mild or subclinical infection

68
Q

What happens in older dogs infected with CHV?

A

Virus replicates in nasopharynx, tonsils, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, bronchial lymph nodes, lungs, and genital tract

Virology (exam 2) (4 decks)

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