Herp Diagnostics & Clinical Pathology Flashcards
Which reptilian taxon is likely to exhibit EDTA lysis in vitro?
Chelonians
Mader Ch 33 - Hematology
Which anticoagulant results in hemolysis for Burmese pythons?
Sodium citrate
Mader Ch33 - Hematology
Which is the preferred blood slide method for Iguana iguana?
Slide to slide
Mader Ch 33 - Hematology
Which venipuncture sites in reptiles are least likely to have lymph contamination?
Jugular vein and heart
Mader Ch33 - Hematology
You are performing a cardiocentesis on a snake and obtain a clear yellow fluid. What is this fluid?
Pericardial fluid
Mader Ch.33 - Hematology
Which white blood cell counting method is most likely to cause incorrect counts?
Why?
How do the various methods work?
Phloxine B - ony stains granulocytes and lyses all other cells
- Natt and Herricks – stains all cells, methyl violet staining, see RBC, thrombocytes, and WBC, more labor intensive, takes longer to do
- Phloxine B – stains only granulocytes, Leukopet eosinophil, Unipet, much easier to count, lyses all other cells
What is the predominant leukocyte in most reptilian species?
Give species examples of various other predominant leukocyte types.
Lymphocytes.
Basophils - freshwater aquatic chelonians, japaenes newt, African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
Azurophils - Eastern indigo snakes, massasuaga rattlesnakes
Heterophils - box turtles, basilisks, uromastyx, desert and radiated tortoise
Neutrophil - American bullfrog (Rana), African tropical clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalus)
Why is hematocrit not equivalent to PCV in reptiles?
HCT calculated based off size of RBC, sizes of reptile cells are much larger than mammals and birds
Mader Ch 33 - Hematology
Which reptilian group has larger red blood cells?
Chelonians
Mader Ch 33 - Hematology
List three differentials for basophilic stipling of reptilian erythrocytes.
Lead toxicity, iron deficiency, regeneration
Mader Ch 33 - Hematology
What is the expected RBC lifespan in reptiles?
600-800 days
Mader Ch 33 - Hematology
Which reptile taxa has the most azurophils?
Which has the least?
Snakes
Chelonians
Mader 33 - Hematology
Blue plasma is normal for which amphibian species?
Japanese giant salamanders
White-lipped tree frogs
Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry
Biliverdinemia is normal in what herp species?
Prasinohaema skinks, monitor lizard (Varanus spp), and Cambodian frog
Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry
EPH should be performed within what time of sampling herps?
What storage method is inappropriate for these samples in reptiles?
Within 48 hours of refrigeration
Don’t freeze dry
Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry
Which method used in measuring albumin is not validated in reptiles?
Bromcresol green
Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry
Which enzymes are least useful in reptilian chemistries?
GGT & BLDH
Mader Ch 34 - Chemistries
Which reptile species have high levels of bilirubin?
Indigo snakes, green iguanas, anacondas, alligators
Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry
Which reptilian species has two distinct albumin populations seen on EPH?
Red Eared Sliders
Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry
List a negative acute phase protein of reptiles
Albumin
Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry
Discuss reptile glucose levels.
What is an important differential for hyperglycemia?
Lower than mammals or birds
Gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma - bearded dragons
Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry
What is unique about the chemistry profiles of the Eastern Indigo Snake (Drymarchon couperi)?
Hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, elevated vitamin D and iCa
Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry
Which reptile has the highest osmolality?
Marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)
Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry
What unique anatomic structure of sea turtles and marine iguanas allows them to regulate their osmolality?
Salt gland - periorbital in turtles, intranasal in iguanas
Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry
How does reptile plasma osmolality differ from mammalian and avian osmlality?
Isosmotic - bearded dragons
Hypoosmotic - corn snake, alligators, freswater turtles
Hyperosmotic - marine and desert reptiles
Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry
What are the nitrogenous wastes excreted by various herp species?
Ammoniotelic - xenopus (larval amphibians, aquatic adults), crocodilians, sea turtles
Ureotelic - freshwater turtles
BUN - bufo toads
Uric acid - most terrestrial herps, Phylomedusa (Waxy tree frog)
Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry
How does PCR work?
DNA is extracted and heated so the two strands separate. The sample is cooled for primers to bind to DNA. Temperature is increased for DNA polymerase to extend the primer making a matching strand - doubling the amount of DNA present. They cycle is repeated many times and the amount of DNA increases geometrically.
Mader Ch 36 - Molecular Techniques
The following testudid herpesviruses are endemic in which populations?
Testudid Herpesvirus 1 (Te-HV 1)
Testudid Herpesvirus 2 (Te-HV 2)
Testudid Herpesvirus 3 (Te-HV 3)
Testudid Herpesvirus 1 (Te-HV 1) - Russian tortoises
Testudid Herpesvirus 2 (Te-HV 2) - California Desert Tortoises
Testudid Herpesvirus 3 (Te-HV 3) - Greek Tortoises
Mader Ch 36 - Molecular Diagnostics
Which group of reptiles has a splenopancreas?
Snakes
Mader Ch 33 - Molecular Techniques
What immunoglobulin in non-mammalian vertebrates is the functional equivalent to the mammalian IgG?
IgY
Mader Ch 36 Molecular Diagnostics
What are the differences between standard and qPCR?
Increases in testosterone during the breeding season of box turtles induces what hematologic change?
Lymphopenia
Mader Ch 33 - Hematology
Identify the reptilian blood cells in these images.
The last image is taken from an Argentine (red) tegu.
Azurophil, monocytes, eosinophil + basophil
Thrombocyte + lymphocyte, toxic heterophil, eosinophil
Mader Ch 33 - hematology
