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Herpetological Medicine > Herp Diagnostics & Clinical Pathology > Flashcards

Herp Diagnostics & Clinical Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Which reptilian taxon is likely to exhibit EDTA lysis in vitro?

A

Chelonians

Mader Ch 33 - Hematology

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2
Q

Which anticoagulant results in hemolysis for Burmese pythons?

A

Sodium citrate

Mader Ch33 - Hematology

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3
Q

Which is the preferred blood slide method for Iguana iguana?

A

Slide to slide

Mader Ch 33 - Hematology

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4
Q

Which venipuncture sites in reptiles are least likely to have lymph contamination?

A

Jugular vein and heart

Mader Ch33 - Hematology

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5
Q

You are performing a cardiocentesis on a snake and obtain a clear yellow fluid. What is this fluid?

A

Pericardial fluid

Mader Ch.33 - Hematology

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6
Q

Which white blood cell counting method is most likely to cause incorrect counts?

Why?

How do the various methods work?

A

Phloxine B - ony stains granulocytes and lyses all other cells

  • Natt and Herricks – stains all cells, methyl violet staining, see RBC, thrombocytes, and WBC, more labor intensive, takes longer to do
  • Phloxine B – stains only granulocytes, Leukopet eosinophil, Unipet, much easier to count, lyses all other cells
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7
Q

What is the predominant leukocyte in most reptilian species?

Give species examples of various other predominant leukocyte types.

A

Lymphocytes.

Basophils - freshwater aquatic chelonians, japaenes newt, African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)

Azurophils - Eastern indigo snakes, massasuaga rattlesnakes

Heterophils - box turtles, basilisks, uromastyx, desert and radiated tortoise

Neutrophil - American bullfrog (Rana), African tropical clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalus)

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8
Q

Why is hematocrit not equivalent to PCV in reptiles?

A

HCT calculated based off size of RBC, sizes of reptile cells are much larger than mammals and birds

Mader Ch 33 - Hematology

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9
Q

Which reptilian group has larger red blood cells?

A

Chelonians

Mader Ch 33 - Hematology

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10
Q

List three differentials for basophilic stipling of reptilian erythrocytes.

A

Lead toxicity, iron deficiency, regeneration

Mader Ch 33 - Hematology

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11
Q

What is the expected RBC lifespan in reptiles?

A

600-800 days

Mader Ch 33 - Hematology

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12
Q

Which reptile taxa has the most azurophils?

Which has the least?

A

Snakes

Chelonians

Mader 33 - Hematology

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13
Q

Blue plasma is normal for which amphibian species?

A

Japanese giant salamanders

White-lipped tree frogs

Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry

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14
Q

Biliverdinemia is normal in what herp species?

A

Prasinohaema skinks, monitor lizard (Varanus spp), and Cambodian frog

Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry

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15
Q

EPH should be performed within what time of sampling herps?

What storage method is inappropriate for these samples in reptiles?

A

Within 48 hours of refrigeration

Don’t freeze dry

Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry

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16
Q

Which method used in measuring albumin is not validated in reptiles?

A

Bromcresol green

Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry

17
Q

Which enzymes are least useful in reptilian chemistries?

A

GGT & BLDH

Mader Ch 34 - Chemistries

18
Q

Which reptile species have high levels of bilirubin?

A

Indigo snakes, green iguanas, anacondas, alligators

Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry

19
Q

Which reptilian species has two distinct albumin populations seen on EPH?

A

Red Eared Sliders

Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry

20
Q

List a negative acute phase protein of reptiles

A

Albumin

Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry

21
Q

Discuss reptile glucose levels.

What is an important differential for hyperglycemia?

A

Lower than mammals or birds

Gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma - bearded dragons

Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry

22
Q

What is unique about the chemistry profiles of the Eastern Indigo Snake (Drymarchon couperi)?

A

Hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, elevated vitamin D and iCa

Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry

23
Q

Which reptile has the highest osmolality?

A

Marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)

Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry

24
Q

What unique anatomic structure of sea turtles and marine iguanas allows them to regulate their osmolality?

A

Salt gland - periorbital in turtles, intranasal in iguanas

Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry

25
Q

How does reptile plasma osmolality differ from mammalian and avian osmlality?

A

Isosmotic - bearded dragons

Hypoosmotic - corn snake, alligators, freswater turtles

Hyperosmotic - marine and desert reptiles

Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry

26
Q

What are the nitrogenous wastes excreted by various herp species?

A

Ammoniotelic - xenopus (larval amphibians, aquatic adults), crocodilians, sea turtles

Ureotelic - freshwater turtles

BUN - bufo toads

Uric acid - most terrestrial herps, Phylomedusa (Waxy tree frog)

Mader Ch 34 - Chemistry

27
Q

How does PCR work?

A

DNA is extracted and heated so the two strands separate. The sample is cooled for primers to bind to DNA. Temperature is increased for DNA polymerase to extend the primer making a matching strand - doubling the amount of DNA present. They cycle is repeated many times and the amount of DNA increases geometrically.

Mader Ch 36 - Molecular Techniques

28
Q

The following testudid herpesviruses are endemic in which populations?

Testudid Herpesvirus 1 (Te-HV 1)

Testudid Herpesvirus 2 (Te-HV 2)

Testudid Herpesvirus 3 (Te-HV 3)

A

Testudid Herpesvirus 1 (Te-HV 1) - Russian tortoises

Testudid Herpesvirus 2 (Te-HV 2) - California Desert Tortoises

Testudid Herpesvirus 3 (Te-HV 3) - Greek Tortoises

Mader Ch 36 - Molecular Diagnostics

29
Q

Which group of reptiles has a splenopancreas?

A

Snakes

Mader Ch 33 - Molecular Techniques

30
Q

What immunoglobulin in non-mammalian vertebrates is the functional equivalent to the mammalian IgG?

A

IgY

Mader Ch 36 Molecular Diagnostics

31
Q

What are the differences between standard and qPCR?

A
32
Q

Increases in testosterone during the breeding season of box turtles induces what hematologic change?

A

Lymphopenia

Mader Ch 33 - Hematology

33
Q

Identify the reptilian blood cells in these images.

The last image is taken from an Argentine (red) tegu.

A

Azurophil, monocytes, eosinophil + basophil

Thrombocyte + lymphocyte, toxic heterophil, eosinophil

Mader Ch 33 - hematology

Herpetological Medicine (36 decks)

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