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Small Animal Surgery 395 > Hernias > Flashcards

Hernias Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a hernia?

A

Protrusion of an organ through a defect in the wall of an anatomical cavity

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2
Q

What is a true hernia?

A
  1. Contents within a peritoneal sac
  2. Typically at a natural opening
  3. Typically congenital
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3
Q

What is a false hernia?

A
  1. Contents NOT within a peritoneal sac

2. Typically due to trauma

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4
Q

What do you call a hernia outside the body cavity?

A

External abdominal hervia

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5
Q

What do you call a hernia within the abdomen or thorax?

A

Internal abdominal hernia

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6
Q

What is a reducible hernia?

A

Freely movable and easily reduced

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7
Q

What is an incarcerated hernia?

A

Adhesions to surrounding tissue with hernia contents in a fixed location

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8
Q

What is a strangulated hernia?

A

Obstruction of vascular supply of tissue

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9
Q

What type of suture would you most commonly use to close a hernia ring?

A

Absorbable

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10
Q

What are the 3 herniorrhaphy principles?

A
  1. Reduce viable hernia contents
  2. Remove redundant tissue of sac
  3. Suture closed
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11
Q

What is herniorrhaphy?

A

Surgical repair of a hernia

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12
Q

Because umbilical hernias are typically a congenital defect, what other defect should you look for in a male pup with such a condition?

A

Cryptorchidism

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13
Q

Umbilical hernias are thought to be heritable in some breeds. Which breeds?

A
  1. Basenji
  2. Weimaraner
  3. Perkingese
  4. Airedale
  5. GS pointer
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14
Q

Which is better, a large hernia or a small hernia?

A

Large hernia - avoid strangulation

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15
Q

In females, would an inguinal hernia most likely be acquired or congenital?

A

Acquired

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16
Q

In males, would an inguinal (scrotal) hernia most likely be acquired or congenital?

A

Congenital

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17
Q

True or False: sterilization is not necessary in pups with inguinal hernias.

A

FALSE - sterilization is recommended as this is a heritable condition

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18
Q

Which female dogs are most often affected by inguinal hernias?

A

Middle-aged, intact

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19
Q

Which male dogs are most often affected by inguinal hernias?

A

Young male dogs (

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20
Q

Which is more common, an inguinal hernia on the left or the right side?

A

LEFT

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21
Q

True or False: Inguinal hernias require prompt surgical treatment.

A

TRUE - risk for incarceration and strangulation

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22
Q

True or False: Males with inguinal hernias should always be castrated.

A

TRUE - risk for testicular tumors

23
Q

True or False: Inguinal hernias in the male dog are often easily reduced.

A

FALSE - often NON-REDUCIBLE in the male

24
Q

Which vessels/nerves must you preserve when surgically fixing an inguinal hernia?

A
  1. Genitofemoral nerve

2. External pudendal artery and vein

25
Q

Which vessels/nerves must you preserve when surgically fixing a femoral hernia?

A
  1. Femoral artery and vein
  2. Saphenous nerve
  3. Lymphatics
26
Q

True or False: Abdominal hernias are typically trauma related.

A

TRUE

27
Q

Because abdominal hernias are typically trauma-related, what is you first priority when one of these patients arrives?

A

Stabilize the patient

28
Q

Is emergency surgery indicated with an abdominal hernia?

A

No - stabilize the patient and wait 3-5 days before performing surgery

29
Q

When WOULD emergency abdominal hernia surgery be indicated?

A
  1. Hemorrhage
  2. GI strangulation
  3. Urinary obstruction
30
Q

When repairing a traumatic abdominal hernia, what is a MUST?

A

Perform an abdominal exploratory

31
Q

What is the ONLY innervation to the external anal sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

32
Q

Which 2 muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?

A
  1. Levator ani

2. Coccygeus

33
Q

In which dogs are perineal hernias most common?

A

Intact males

34
Q

Concerning perineal hernias, between which two muscles is the herniation most common?

A
  1. Levator ani
  2. External anal sphincter

(some between levator ani and coccygeal muscle)

35
Q

When a diaphragmatic hernia occurs, where is it most likely to herniate?

A

In the weakest portion, within the muscle

36
Q

True or False: It is okay to wait multiple days on a diaphragmatic hernia.

A

TRUE

37
Q

What are the 2 emergency surgery indications for a diaphragmatic hernia?

A
  1. Stomach herniation

2. Inability to stabilize the respiratory system

38
Q

What is the prognosis for a diaphragmatic hernia?

A

Excellent if survive immediate post-operative period

39
Q

What is a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH)?

A

Communication of the abdominal cavity with the pericardial sac

40
Q

Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernias are always congenital or acquired?

A

Congenital - check for other congenital defects

41
Q

Do you need positive pressure ventilation for a PPDH patient?

A

No

42
Q

What are the 3 bad problems with a PPDH?

A
  1. Restrict lung expansion
  2. Restrict cardiac filling (cardiac tamponade)
  3. Congestion/obstruction of herniated organs
43
Q

True or False: PPDH patients always require surgery.

A

FALSE - may not be necessary in older asymptomatic animals

44
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Protrusion of abdominal contents through the esophageal hiatus

45
Q

What is a sliding hiatal hernia?

A

Advancement of gastroesophageal junction into the esophageal hiatus

46
Q

What is a paraesophageal hiatal hernia?

A

Advancement of gastric fundus into the esophageal hiatus

47
Q

What is a combination hiatal hernia?

A

Advancement of both the gastroesophageal junction and the gastric fundus into the esophageal hiatus

48
Q

What is a gastroesophageal intussusception?

A

Intussusception of the gastric fundus into the lumen of the esophagus and through the esophageal hiatus

49
Q

Are hiatal hernias congenital or acquired hernias?

A

Congenital

50
Q

Which dog breed is pre-disposed to hiatal hernias?

A

Shar-pei

51
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with a hiatal hernia?

A

Similar to those of gastroesophageal reflex: esophagitis, regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia

52
Q

How would you treat a hiatal hernia medically?

A
  1. Antacids

2. Prokinetics

53
Q

How would you treat a hiatal hernia surgically?

A
  1. Reduction of esophageal hiatus
  2. Esophagopexy
  3. Gastropexy

Small Animal Surgery 395 (5 decks)

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