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HP Exam 2 > Herd Health > Flashcards

Herd Health Flashcards

Beef, small ruminants, and swine herd health

1
Q

What do cattle become AFTER cow-calf operation, but BEFORE going to the feedlot? (2 options)

A

backgrounder or
stocker

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2
Q

What is the BEST way to assess whether or not a beef cow is at her best to produce next years calf? & when should you do it?

A

BCS
6-8 weeks prior to breeding and calving

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3
Q

what is the best way to assess whether the beef cow and bull did their job and pregnancy was successful? and when should you do it?

A

palpation
45 days post breeding (35 if US or 60 if new/want to be fast)

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4
Q

What is the best way to make sure the bull and his semen are healthy enough to “get the job done”? and when should you do it?

A

BSE
3-4 weeks prior to breeding season

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5
Q

Benefits of __________ include:
- reduce cost put into cows that are not producing
- culling decisions
- monitor repro health
- sort early/late calves

A

palpation

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6
Q

(large or small) cattle operations are the ones who are using palpation and semen eval the most?

A

large

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7
Q

_______ is the “global” plan for a herd to mainatin the level of HERD RESISTANCE above the level of PATHOGEN LOAD in order to prevent disease.

A

herd health

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8
Q

Factors listed below reduce __________.
- poor or unbalanced nutrition
- improper preventative measures
- improper management (ex. pastures)
- change (stress)
- weather

A

herd resistance

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9
Q

Factors list below increase _________.
- poor biosecurity (new animals, feed/water, equipment)
- stocking density/location
- neighbors
- wildlife

A

pathogen load

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10
Q

__________ is the process of inducing immunity to a pathogen in an animal through vaccination.

A

immunization

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11
Q

What 2 factors does immunization require?

A
  1. proper vaccination (timing and technique)
  2. immunocompetent animal (to mount repsonse to vxn)
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12
Q

T/F: every beef operation will have different needs, methods of management, and production goals therefore each farm will need a vaccination protocol that is tailored to their system

A

true

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13
Q

What are the 4 “Fs” to guide the choice of vaccines to use?

A
  • frequent disease (respiratory diseases)
  • fatal disease (clostridial diseases)
  • financially sound (abortive diseases)
  • eFFective vaccines (pinkeye, scours?)
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14
Q

This disease is a multifactorial disease (involving stress, viruses, and bacteria). It causes bronchopneumonia in cattle.

A

bovine respiratory disease complex

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15
Q

What is the biggest source of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)?

A

persistently infected calves

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16
Q

What is the biggest source of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)?

A

carrier animals
(its a herpes virus, so it is latent and becomes clinical during stress)

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17
Q

What is the biggest source of mannheimia hemolytica and pasturella multocida (2 common bacterial culprits of infection)?

A

they are normal inhabitants of the URT

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18
Q

Why do we vaccinate calves pre-weaning?

A

weaning is a period of increased stress
we want to provide protection PRIOR to this period of stress, so that the animal is MOST protected.

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19
Q

If you are planning on vaccinating beef calves, what vaccines would be BEST to include in the protocol and WHEN would you do them?

A

MLV – BVD, IBR, BRSV, PI3 +/- killed M. hemolytica

give at pre-weaning (if no killed), or if adding killed, give at branding time and then booster at pre-weaning.

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20
Q

This type of vaccine is given to calves to provide immunity against IBR, PI3, and BRSV, but not BVD. It stimulates production of IgA locally and reduces the severity of illness and shedding.

A

intranasal vaccine

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21
Q

What pathogens does the “7 way vaccine” cover in cattle?

A

Clostridial species!
chauvoei, perfringens C, perfringens D, perfringens B, septicum, novyi, sordelli

(protecting against enterotoxemia, malignant edema, blacks disease, etc.)

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22
Q

Why is it so important that we prevent clostridial diseases from occuring?

A

they are untreatable and fatal
they are unavoidable (pathogen in soil or GI tract)
and the vaccine is very cheap (<$1/dose)

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23
Q

T/F: the 7-way vaccine is given in calves at branding time (1-4 months old) requires a booster 3-4 weeks later.

A

true

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24
Q

When do you start vaccines in calves if you are giving killed vaccines?

A

start at branding (1-4 months)
then give boosters at pre-weaning

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25
Q

Do cows in your average cow/calf operation NEED vaccination against respiratory pathogens?

A

no

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26
Q

What respiratory viral pathogens of cattle also cause reproductive issues?

A

BVD and IBR

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27
Q

What 3 diseases cause issues other than abortion such as reduced infertility/conception rates, early embryonic death, PI calves, congenital defects, weak/stillborn calves.

A

BVD, IBR, and lepto

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28
Q

You give killed vaccines ____ times per year and MLV ____ times per year.

A

killed - 2x
MLV - 1x (if lepto, give booster to that)

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29
Q

What is the potential concern for vaccinating calves pre-weaning with MLV BVD and IBR?

A

this is a live product you’re injecting into the calf.
there is concern for transfer from calf –> cow.

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30
Q

When do we give killed vaccines to cows to maximize its use?

A

4-6 weeks pre-calving for good colostrum

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31
Q

T/F: clostridial vaccines in cows are not generally required in this area

A

true

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32
Q

If you want to provide a beef calf with protection against scours, WHEN and WHO should you vaccinate?

A

vaccinate the DAM with the killed vaccine 4-6 weeks pre-calving

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33
Q

Pinkeye in cattle is caused by moraxella bovis and causes corneal ulcers that are painful and can lead to reduced food intake and growth. That being said, would you vaccinate beef cattle against this pathogen?

A

no the vaccine sucks

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34
Q

T/F: you should give animals vaccines to compensate for bad management and poor conditions that are leading to disease

A

false – they do NOT make up for bad management, therefore management needs to be addressed first.

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35
Q

What should happen to a beef calf prior to being sold?

A
  1. identify calf (records)– track productivity of cows and withdrawal times for disease
  2. Processing – vaccinations, deworming (after 4 m) and external parasite control (pre-calving and post-weaning), growth implants
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36
Q

Why do we castrate beef calves and when do we do it?

A

to reduce aggression, prevent unwanted pregnancies, improve beef product
if banding, do before 4 weeks; if surgical, do @ 2-4 months when branding

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37
Q

How do angus cattle not have horns?

A

they were genetically selected for not having them

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38
Q

T/F: weaning if typically 1 month later for beef calves

A

true

39
Q

T/F: weaning causes stress in beef calves

A

true
vocalization will increase, pacing and decreased desire to eat, as well as decreased immune function

40
Q

What are the 4 methods of weaning beef calves?

A
  1. taken off dam when they are put on truck
  2. fence-line weaning on pasture
  3. staged weaning w/ anti-suckle mouthpiece
  4. confinement weaning
41
Q

What are ‘preconditioned beef calves’ and why are they important?

A

calves that have been weaned for 45d minimum, processed (vxd, dewormed, etc.), and “ bunk broke” (trained to eat/drink from trough).

they are important because this is preferable conditions for the feedlot

42
Q

Since calves are sold by weight, how do you increase profit/return?

A

make MORE calves or BIGGER calves

43
Q

What are the biggest factors affecting profitability of beef calves?

A
  1. increasing weaning percentage (# calves weaned)
  2. increasing weaning weight (size of calf)
44
Q

What factors affect the weaning percentage?

A
  1. pregnancy rate (# preg / # exp)
  2. calving rate (# born/ # preg)
  3. calving to weaning mortality (# weaned/# born)

multiply all of these things together to get weaning % or calf crop %

45
Q

Which scenario is “better”?
A. calving early
B. calving late

A

A. calving early – means there is MORE time for cow to recover and begin cycling again

46
Q

What has to happen physiologically in a cow before she can get pregnant?

A

she must come into heat

47
Q

Postpartum anestrus is a period where cows do not display behavioral estrus and do not ovulate fertile eggs, therefore will not get pregnant. What are the 2 things that have major impact on length of post partum anestrus?

A
  1. age of cow
  2. BCS of cow at calving
48
Q

T/F: first-calf heifers struggle more to return to cycling compared to multiparous cows because they are still growing and have less body capacity to consume enough energy on high forage diet.

A

true

on avg, take 90-120d to cycle again; multiparous take 50-80d.
have

49
Q

T/F: thin cows have a longer postpartum anestrus level

A

true

50
Q

What drug is NOT effective for the treatment of BRDC?

A

oxytetracycline/ LA200

51
Q

Establishing a ____________ program will ensure:
- healthier animals
- reduction of need for therapy/treatment
- reduction of residue risk
- reduction of cost assoc. with sick animals

A

herd health

52
Q

The following list are things that are classified as _______ within a herd:
- health status of animals (disease)
- location of animals
- entry of animals or semen
- equipment and supplies
- farm personnel
- wild animals
- visitors

A

Risks

53
Q

T/F: when bringing in new animals or semen, the health status of those animals needs to be good. If there are any diseases, they need to be naive diseases of the main herd.

A

false – they need to be compatible diseases with the main herd.

54
Q

how long is the quarantine period for swine?

A

60 days minimum

55
Q

what are the important viral diseases of swine to be monitoring for in a herd health program?

A
  1. Swine influenza virus (SIV)
  2. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
  3. Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2)
  4. Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE, coronavirus)
  5. Porcine epidemic virus (PED, coronavirus)
56
Q

what are the important bacterial diseases of swine to be monitoring for in a herd health program?

A
  1. mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
  2. actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
57
Q

T/F: swine farms should not be located on major roadways, but rather far from the road and they should be at least 2 miles from other swine operations.

A

true

58
Q

Describe the “all-in/all-out practice in swine herds.

A

clean, disinfect, and dry rooms between animals to reduce disease risk

59
Q

T/F: people who exhibit flu-like symptoms will not be permitted onto swine farms

A

true

60
Q

When are “pre-breeding” vaccines (parvo, lepto, and erysipelas) given to the breeding herd of swine?

A

2-3 weeks prior to breeding

61
Q

what are the “pre-farrowing” vaccines that are given to swine 2-3 weeks prior to farrowing?

A

e. coli
clostridium perfringens type C (if primiparous, give 2 inj, 3 and 6 weeks apart)
erysipelas
boredtella bronchisepticum
pasteurella multocida

62
Q

T/F: TGE and rotavirus vaccines do not offer much protection within swine

A

true

63
Q

What vaccine should ALL pigs within a herd get?

Piglets are vaccinated at 1 week of age and again 2-3 weeks later.

A

mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

64
Q

Which pathogen is found mainly in the farrowing house and nursery of pigs and is vaccinated against to prevent neurological disease?

A

Streptococcus suis

65
Q

This vaccine is used to prevent reproductive losses. It is a MLV that is used at any stage of production.

A

PRRS (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome)

66
Q

What vaccines do pot-bellied pigs typically get?

A
  1. atrophic rhinitis
  2. mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

if breeding – parvo, lepto, erysipelas

2x/year

67
Q

when should we be deworming sows and preparturient gilts?

A

prior to farrowing and in early gestation (if in contaminated environment)

68
Q

when should we be deworming replacement gilts?

A

every 6 weeks if in contaminated area and near time of breeding

69
Q

how often do we deworm boars?

A

2x/year
if in contaminated environment, every 3 months

70
Q

What are the 2 most common dewormers used in swine?

A

ivermectin and fenbendazole

71
Q

how many male SR are needed for breeding?

A

3 per 100 females

72
Q

should you give a brucella ovis vaccine to SR at “pre-breeding” when doing the breeding soundness exam?

A

no because then you wont know if titers are true infection or from the vaccine! you need to be able to test for this disease

73
Q

what is vital to check in male SR prior to letting them breed?

A

scrotal circumferance

74
Q

what are the “pre-breeding” vaccines given to rams and bucks?

A
  1. CD and T (8-way)
75
Q

what are the pre-breeding vaccines given to female SR?

A
  1. campylobacter fetus and jejuni (boostered 2-3m later and then annually)
  2. chlamydophila abortus (booster 4wk later)
  3. lepto (if its a problem on the farm in the past)
76
Q

when should you check FAMACHA scores and treat for internal parasites in SR specifically in regard to breeding?

A

2 weeks before breeding

77
Q

what anthelmintic should NOT be used in the first 30 days of gestation?

A

albendazole

78
Q

A copper bolus lasts for 3 weeks against Haemonchus contortus. This extended protection is ideal for what?

A

it allows extended protection without us having to stress the animals out during/around conception times by needing to administer more drugs.

79
Q

what is “flushing” a ewe/doe and why do we do it?

A

flushing is feeding them 1 lb corn for 2 weeks before and 2 weeks into breeding season.
The purpose is to increase energy and ovulation rate.

80
Q

when placing ewes/does on high quality pasture 2 weeks prior to breeding, what pasture should we avoid?

A

clover

81
Q

how long is the breeding season of SR?

A

60 days

82
Q

synchronization helps shorten the breeding season of SR. what drug is given in the fall vs spring to synchronize?

A

fall- prostaglandins
spring- cidr

83
Q

when do we check for pregnancy in SR?

A

transabd US at 40d gestation

84
Q

At 6 weeks BEFORE lambing, the ewes diet will need to change to ____ lb of grain per head per day

A

1/2 lb

85
Q

______ weeks prior to lambing, we shear wool from around the head, udder, and perineal areas, vaccinate the dams with C. perfringens type C, D, and tetani, and parainfluenza 3, FAMACHA score the dams and deworm those who score between 4-5, increase grain to 1 lb per head per day, and bag the dams out once per week.

A

3-4

86
Q

When a lamb is born, what are the procedures?

A
  1. move dam and baby to jug
  2. dip babies navel in iodine or chlorohexidine
  3. give baby Vit E and Se injection (0.3 mL)
  4. strip milk from dams teat and check for colostrum; make sure baby nurses within 30 minutes
  5. feed dams HAY the first day, then grain on the second day (if grain, she’ll ignore baby)
87
Q

when should you dock tails, dehorn, and castrate lambs and kids?

A

dock and dehorn – within 2 weeks
the ppt says to castrate in first 2 weeks as well, but i believe we talked about waiting until 6 months?

88
Q

How can we control coccidiosis at weaning in lambs and kids?

A

feed coccidiostats in creep feed (decoquinate)

89
Q

when do we begin providing water and creep feeding lambs/kids?

A

water-2 days
creep feed- 3-5 days

90
Q

What pre-weaning vaccines are given to SR?

A

clostridium perfringens C and D (2 injections 2-4 weeks apart)
give 2 weeks prior to weaning and at time of or shortly after weaning.

91
Q

this vaccine does not prevent infection, but prevents abscess formation. Vaccine reactions at the injection site are common with this vaccine. It is usually given at 2-3 months of age or as an adult.

A

caseous lymphadenitis vaccine

92
Q

how often is the rabies vaccine administered to SR?

A

annually or every 3 years

93
Q

Describe the purpose of using “BioWorma”

A

bioworma contains a fungus that captures adn consumes infective worm larvae. Therefore, it aids in the elimination of larvae from the pasture, reducing the possibility of reinfection.

94
Q

what products are used for lice and mites in SR?

A

lice – permethrins (pour-on)
mites – avermectins (spray-on)

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