herbovory: plants and insects

Question 1

coevolution

Answer 1

reciprocal genetic change in interacting species owing to natural selection imposed by each on the other

Question 2

bees and plants coevolution

Answer 2

-bees gain protein, fat and vitamins for its larva
-bee gathers pollen carries to new flowers=pollinated
-both species expend energy
-plants spends energy on polled and nectar

Question 3

orchid pollination

Answer 3

sexual parasitism
-flowers resemble females visually and in odor
-males attempt to copulate
-flower places pollen mass on male

Question 4

darwin’s hawk moth

Answer 4

long tongues to get nectar from long corollas

Question 5

polyphagy

Answer 5

eat variety of plants

Question 6

monophagy

Answer 6

eat one plant

Question 7

chewing insects

Answer 7

-skeletonizers: eat soft leaf tissue (not the veins); leaf beetle
-miners (plow through leaf); flies, sawflies, moths and beetles
-leaf rollers; caterpillars beetles
-borers

Question 8

microbial disease modes of transmission

Answer 8

1. mechanical - on body
2. circulatory - circulate in insects body discharged through saliva
   -non persistent: no replication
   -propagative: replication in insect

Question 9

bacterial diseases transmitted by insects to plants

Answer 9

mechanical contamination or inoculation by mouthparts

Question 10

plant physical defenses: general answer

Answer 10

barriers: toughness, waxes, resins
structures: thorns, trichomes, architecture

Question 11

plant defenses: morphological resistance

Answer 11

-thickened cell walls
-wound response
-stem thickening
-trichomes
-silica
-surface waxes

Question 12

conifer wound response

Answer 12

conifers protect by producing resin, powered by water (drought stress leaves them vulnerable)

Question 13

silica (plant defense)

Answer 13

silica crystals in tissues and surface

Question 14

plant defences: chemical

Answer 14

-ametabolites
-alkaloids
-terpenoids
-phenolics
-protease inhibitors
-insect growth regulators

Question 15

ametabolites (plant defense)

Answer 15

non-protein amino acids that interfere with normal protein synthesis and digestion

Question 16

alkaloids (plant defense)

Answer 16

nitrogenous compounds, toxic storage compounds
nicotine
tomatine
conine
caffeine
theobromiine
cocaine
morphine
LSD
strychnine

Question 17

terpenoids (plant defense)

Answer 17

largest most biologically important class of compounds
pyrethrums
gossypol
cucurbitacins

Question 18

phenolics (plant defense)

Answer 18

tannins, anthocyanins, rotenone

Question 19

protease inhibitors (plant defense)

Answer 19

proteins that bind to proteolytic enzymes and target digestive enzymes, interfere with digestion

Question 20

insect growth regulators (plant defense)

Answer 20

mimic insect hormone
-juvenile hormone
-ecdysone

Question 21

economic injury level

Answer 21

measure impact of insects in ag settings to
-analyze the size of pest population
-asses cost of controlling insect
-predict the economic losses if insect not controlled

Question 22

what does the pest status of an insect pop depend on

Answer 22

-abundance
-kind of injury
-specific characteristics

Question 23

general features that characterize insects as pests

Answer 23

-high reproductive rate
-short regeneration times
-inhabit unstable habitats
-polyphagous
-highly adaptable
-great dispersers

Question 24

Why do insects become pests?

Answer 24

1. Introduced to an rea without regulatory agents (predators, pathogens, and parasites)
2. Insect vectors a pathogen in a new situation
3. Native insect shifts onto introduced plant species
4. Monocultural agroecosystems available for feeding
   5.overuse of insecticides, leading to resistance and eliminating competitors, etc.

Question 25

Before IPM you musty know this info about the pest

Answer 25

-natural history
-local environment and crop
-pest pop dynamics, mating behavior
-roles of parasites, pathogens, and predators

Question 26

IPM strategy

Answer 26

1. ID problem - find symptoms or causes
2. Assess damage
3. Cost-benefit analysis - will cost of control exceed losses
4. Select control tactic

Question 27

Pest control tactics

Answer 27

-host resistance (genetic manipulation of crop)
-sterility and genetic manipulation (males)
-cultural = crop rotation, sanitation
-chemical/biological control