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Herbology > Herbology 1 Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Herbology 1 Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What one should know when studying herbs

A 
Category Name
Properties:  Taste, Tempature, Channels Entered
Functions
Indications
Contra-Indications
Dosage Range
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2
Q

Four Qi or Temperature Characteristic

A

Five Designations:

Hot 熱 Re
Cold 寒 Han
Warm 溫 Wen
Cool 涼 Liang
Neutral 平 Ping

Slightly Cold 微寒 Wei Han
Slightly Warm 微溫 Wei Wen

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3
Q

Degree of tempature for temperature characteristics (5 designations)

A

Hot / Warm / Slightly Warm / Neutral / Slightly Cold / Cool / Cold

熱 / 溫 / 微溫 / 平 / 微寒 / 涼 / 寒

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4
Q

Rind of Watermelon

Xi Gua Pi

西瓜皮

A

Natural White Tiger Decoction

白虎湯

Clear Yang Ming Heat (Clearing 4 Bigs)

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5
Q

Garlic, Ginger, Scallion

A

Warming

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6
Q

Jing Jie

荊芥

A

Acrid, Slightly Warm (can be used for either Wind Cold or Wind Heat) because almost neutral

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7
Q

Additional temperature properties

A

Can fell hot and not have a fever (run around block; nervous)

Can have a fever and not feel hot (aversion to cold)

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8
Q

Ascriptions of Actions to Taste

A 
Sourness enters the Liver
Acridity enters the Lungs
Bitterness enters the Heart
Saltiness enters the Kidneys
Sweetness enters the Spleen
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9
Q

Five Tastes 味

A 
Acrid 辛
Sweet 甘
Bitter 苦
Sour 酸
Salty 咸

Bland 淡
Aromatic 香
Astringent 澀

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10
Q

Sourness Enters ___________

A

Liver

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11
Q

Acridity Enters _____________

A

Lungs

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12
Q

Bitterness Enters ____________

A

Heart

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13
Q

Saltiness Enters _____________

A

Kidneys

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14
Q

Sweetness Enters ____________

A

Spleen

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15
Q

Indications Vs. Contraindications

A

Indications are signs and symptoms

Contra-indications are like side effects, cautions

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16
Q

Functions of Acrid

Xin

A

Disperse and Move

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17
Q

Functions of Sweet

Gan

A

Tonify
Harmonize
and sometimes thought to Moisten

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18
Q

Functions of Bitter

Ku

A

Drain and Dry

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19
Q

Functions of Sour

Suan

A

Astringent & Prevent or Reverse the Abnormal Leakage of Fluids and Energy

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20
Q

Functions of Salty

Xian

A

Purge and Soften

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21
Q

Functions of Bland

Dan

A

No Taste

Leach out Dampness and Promote Urination

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22
Q

Functions of Aromatic

Xiang

A

Ability to Penetrate through turbidity and revive a particular function

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23
Q

Functions of Astrigent

Se

A

Has the ability to prevent the leakage of fluids

Very Close to Sour

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24
Q

Properties of Acrid / Pungent / Spicy

A

Dispersing (out and upward)
Moving and Circulating
Enters the Lung
Release the Exterior is the result of Acrid
Can also be a great Qi regulator and help dampness or pain (stasis/stagnation)

Example: Dang Gui is the Qi Herb in the Blood Category (because tonify qi and able to move) due to Acrid properties

Lungs are dispersing and descend. Acrid for the dispersing part. Use other herbs for Descend part

If Wei level, will disperse out. Tai Yang & UB channels are most exterior

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25
Properties of Sweet
Tonifying, Nourish and Strengthen Harmonizing and moderating (Not Strong & Intense) Relieves Tension (Stomachache, Spasms & Pain) Enters Spleen Can Normalize Function fo ST and SP, but caution with SP Qi Deficiency and dampness (will make worse) Richness, stickiness, thickness -- blocks Qi -- creates stagnation leading to dampness Sweet is not very moving Gan Cao, Da Zao
26
Properties of Bitter
Downward draining Purging (promote bowel movement; purge heat/fire; descend Qi for vomiting, nausea, belching) Dry Dampness Becuase of Descending tendency can have a sedating effect Enters the Heart Da Huang -- Could also release food stagnation and in a sense tonify Counterflow of Qi brought down with bitter herbs
27
How can Da Huang release food stagnation and tonify?
Primary herb for purging constipation Sometimes just have to get rid to clear problem Restoring homeostasis, balancing
28
Properties of Salty
``` Heaviest besides minerals Purges downwards for constipation Softens Hardness Enters Kidney All the seaweeds (scrofula and Goiter) Many animal products ``` Lu Rong (deer antler) because blood product inside Blood is salty
29
Properties of Sour
Stabilize and Bind Astringe / Hold / Contract Stops movement and can move backwards Contains fluids and Qi Enters the Liver Can refresh and improve the appetite as well, when used appropriately Stomach Yin -- Preserve Yin (with Sweet can produce yin and body fluids) Pickles Sour + Sweet produces yin and body fluids Sweet -- Tonifies / Nourishes Sour -- Holds / Don't Lose
30
Properties of Astringent
Include sour and sweet Retain and Bind Sometimes non-ripe persimmon, inner lining of pomegranate or some red wines (tannic) Feels like a coat on tongue and sucking feeling Happens with charring of herbs Caution -- Could hold in a pathology and trap it in -- especially with an exterior invasion, also don't want to tonify Like sucking on a lemon Heavy Menstruation
31
Properties of Bland
Diuretic Influence (Edema) Promote Urination Leech Out Dampness (through urine) Goes down, but milder than bitter or salty
32
Properties of Aromatic
Awakens and Revives Moves in all Directions Stronger than acrid (which moves up and out) Penetrates through turbidity (if closed or blocked) Eliminate damp (rheumatism) Very similar to acrid, but goes in all directions
33
Acrid/Pungent and Sweet can produce ______
Yang Sweet goes to middle Jiao (pre-heaven qi), like checking account, generate energy/nourishment Acrid moves
34
Sour and Sweet can produce _____
Yin Sour Holds
35
Acrid warm can treat exterior _______
Cold
36
Channels and organs
``` Lung -- Large Intestine -- Metal Spleen -- Stomach -- Earth Heart -- Small Intestine -- Fire Kidney -- Urinary Bladder -- Water Pericardium -- San Jiao -- Fire Liver -- Gallbladder -- Wood ```
37
Zhang Yuan Su
12th Century Specified channels in his writing Origins of Medicine (Yi Xue Qi Yuan) Pouch of Pearls (Zhen Zhu Nang) By entering a specific channel the herb can guide to that particular channel or organ
38
Ren Shen enters which channel?
Goes to Lung & Spleen to Tonify Qi
39
Shu Di Huang enters which channel?
Enters Kidney, Liver, Heart at the blood level to tonify blood
40
Directional Properties of Herbs
Directions always dealing with gravity Upwards Downwards Sink, inward Float, Outward
41
Directional Properties of Herbs: | Upwards
Most flowers go upwards Exception: Xuan Fu Hua and Kuan Dong Hua These Descends Jie Geng -- boat to carry up to the lung
42
Directional Properties of Herbs: | Floating and Ascending
``` Expel superficial evils Ascend Yang Expel Wind and Cold Inducing Vomiting Open the Orifices (coma -- closed orifice) Promoting Eruptions (Measles) Warming Yang ```
43
Directional Properties of Herbs: | Sinking and Lowering
``` Clear Heat Purging Promoting Urination Calming mind Descending Yang Extinguish Warm (internal) Stop Vomiting Stop Cough and Asthma Astringent Promote Digestion ```
44
Qiang Huo vs. Du Huo
Qiang Huo best for upper body wind-cold damp heat Du Huo -- best for lower body wind-cold damp heat Qiang Huo (UB, KI) goes upwards in relation to Du Huo (KI, UB) and vice versa. This is a comparison to each other, but doesn't mean that Qiang Huo doesn't go upwards
45
Li Dong Yuan
Pi Wei Lun Discussion of the Spleen and Stomach ``` Li wrote that each herb tends to either: Rise Fall Float Sink ```
46
Functions of Herbs
Primary actions of the herb Often knowing what category the herbs is in will give you the first and most important function Different from indications: Function: Clears Heat Indication: Fever, flushed face, acid reflux
47
Eight Therapeutic Methods | Ba Fa
``` Promote Sweating -- Han Fa Clear -- Qing Fa Purge -- Xia Fa Harmonize -- He Fa Warm -- Wen Fa Tonify -- Bu Fa Reduce / Sedate -- Xiao Fa Induce Vomiting -- Tu Fa ```
48
Clear represents clearing _____
Heat
49
Pathogens enter the body via
Skin | 9 Orifices
50
Pathogens are eliminated via
Skin Mouth Bowels Urine
51
Indications
Signs and Symptoms ``` To treat an indication one must choose an herb based on its: Function Channels Entered Temperature Taste ```
52
Sx > Dx > TP > Rx
Symptoms: Chills, fever, aversion to cold, stiff neck, cough, no sweating Diagnosis: Wind Cold Excess Treatment Principle: Release Exterior Prescription (Herbal Formula): Ma Huang Tang
53
Cautions and Contraindications: | Temperature
Don't use cooling herbs when there is pathogenic cold | Don't clear heat when there is a cold condition
54
Cautions and Contraindications: | Six Pathogenic Factors
Don't use herbs that drain damp if there is dryness Don't use astringing & binding when a patient needs purging Caution with using tonifying herbs or astringing herbs when there is an exterior pathogen present
55
Cautions and Contraindications: | Other Cautions
Some relate to toxicities when combined with another specific herb or food Some relate to dosage Lots of herbs cannot be used in pregnancy especially in beginning Be cautious. Be aware.
56
Dosage Properties
Amount of drugs/herbs to be used It mainly refers to the daily amount of each drug for an adult, and also the relative amount of different drugs/herbs in a recipe/formula Refers to use in a decoction Refers to dry, prepared herbs
57
Dosage: Classical Measurement
Qian
58
Dosage: Modern Measurement
Grams
59
Normal Dosage Range
3-12 Grams
60
1 Fen
(1/10th) 0.3 g
61
1 Qian
~3 g
62
1 Liang
10 x 30 g
63
Additional Dosage Properties
Drastic and Poisonous Drugs should be given in small dosages or gradually increased from small dosage to larger dosages
64
Normal dosing of Da Huang
3-9 grams (start with 3 grams and gradually go up to 9 grams) Da Huang for constipation Herbs can be pretty tough on the digestive system
65
Substances that are prescribed in larger dosages
Hard, Heavy, Moderate and Bland Substances | Minerals and Shells
66
Substances that are prescribed in smaller dosages
Light, Toxic and Strongly-flavored Substances | Flowers, Leaves and Aromatic Herbs
67
Dosage also depends on ________ of the problem
Severity More severe = Higher Dosage
68
Other considerations for dosages
Constitution of patient and the patient's Stomach Qi are also considerations in dosage
69
Toxicity
Some are dosage related and some are general
70
Adulterants
Herbs that are commonly used interchangeably with the standard substance Different plants that are that herb Another herb that replaces what the original herb should be
71
Safety issues
Usually occurs at high dosage (well beyond recommended dosage) and with a very small percentage of patients Raw herbs (Sheng yao) not prepared for ingestion Herbs prepared for ingestion (yin pian) -- cut and processed according to standards
72
Systems of Diagnosis
``` 3 Jiaos 4 Levels 5 Phases 6 Channels 6 Evils 7 Emotions 8 Principles Zang-Fu Channel Theory Qi, Blood & Body Fluids ```
73
Three Jiao San Jiao
Upper -- Governed by Lung -- Heaven Middle -- Governed by Spleen -- Man Lower -- Governed by Kidney -- Earth
74
4 Levels -- Wen Bing Theory
Wei -- Exterior / Defensive Level Qi -- Exterior Heat Disease Ying -- Nutritive or Construction -- Deeper Xue -- Blood -- Deepest Heat in the Body
75
Five Phases
``` Fire Earth Metal Water Wood ```
76
Six Channels -- Shang Han Lun Theory
Tai Yang: Exterior cold diseases (UB/SI) Shao Yang: 1/2 interior & exterior (GB/SJ) Yang Ming: Interior Excess Diseases (ST/LI) Tai Yin: Lung & Spleen Pathologies Shao Yin: Heart & Kidney Pathologies Jue Yin: Deepest Level
77
Tai Yang Channels
Hand Tai Yang Small Intestine Channel | Foot Tai Yang Urinary Bladder Channel
78
Shao Yang Channels
Hand Shao Yang San Jiao Channel | Foot Shao Yang Gallbladder Channel
79
Yang Ming Channels
Hand Yang Ming Large Intestine Channel Foot Yang Ming Stomach Channel Strong Body & Strong Pathogen
80
Tai Yin Channels
Hand Tai Yin Lung Channel | Foot Tai Yin Spleen Channel
81
Shao Yin Channels
Hand Shao Yin Heart Channel Foot Shao Yin Kidney Channel Most Severe
82
Jue Yin Channels
Hand Jue Yin Pericardium Channel Foot Jue Yin Liver Channel Either rebound or die
83
Six Evils
``` Wind Heat/Fire Cold Damp Dryness Summer Heat ```
84
Seven Emotions
``` Sadness/Grief/Sorrow Pensiveness/Brooding/Over-thinking Joy Anger Anxiety Fear Fright/Shock ```
85
Eight Principles (Ba Gang)
Yin Yang Interior Exterior Cold Hot Deficiency Excess
86
Zang-Fu
``` Lung -- Large Intestine Spleen -- Stomach Heart -- Small Intestine Kidney -- Urinary Bladder Pericardium -- San Jiao Liver -- Gallbladder ```
87
Qi, Blood, Body Fluids
Qi, Blood, Body Fluids
88
Seven Techniques for Combining Herbs
``` Mutual Accentuation Mutual Enhancement Mutual Counteraction Mutual Suppression Mutual Antagonism Mutual Incompatibility (18 Incompatibles) Single Effect ```
89
Mutual Accentuation Xiang Xu
Combination of two substances with similar functions to accentuate their therapeutic actions Mutual Necessity
90
Mutual Enhancement Xiang Shi
The combination of 2 or more substances with different actions in which one of the substances enhances the effect of the other in a specific clinical situation Different actions but treat same thing Mutual Employment
91
Mutual Counteraction Xiang Wei
A combination in which the toxicity or side effects of one substance are reduced or eliminated by another substance Mutual Fear
92
Mutual Suppression Xiang Sha
Converse of Mutual Counteraction in that here the emphasis is on the substance that reduces the undesirable side effects of the other The less desirable is being suppressed Mutual Killing Converse of Mutual Counteraction Emphasis on substance that performs the action
93
Mutual Antagonism Xiang Wu
The ability of two substances to minimize or neutralize each other's positive effects Not good to have this; cancel effects Mutual Aversion
94
Mutual Incompatibility Xiang Fan
Occurs when the combination of two substances gives rise to side effects or toxicity which would not be caused by either substance when used alone
95
Single Effect Dan Xing
The use of one medicinal substance to treat a patient Example: Ren Shen tonifies blood, replenishes fluids Given after natural birth After Marathon
96
Formulas
A combination of herbs used together to treat a syndrome or pattern Know the basic role of each medicinal in the formula Know the general function and clinical indications of the formula Based on a monarchical form of government with the king at the top and ministers and assistants below
97
Important Note on Formula
Any herb can fill any role depending on the formula's function
98
Composition of Formulas -- Roles
Chief (Jun) Deputies (Chen) Assistants (Zuo) Envoy (Shi) Not all need be present in a formula and one herb can server more than one of the above function
99
Chief Jun
King, Sovereign or Lord, Monarch The substance(s) that provide(s) the main therapeutic thrust of the prescriptions
100
Deputies Chen
Ministers or Associates Enhance or assist the therapeutic actions of the chiefs Can also assist in secondary complaints
101
Assistants (Adjutants) Zuo
Provide one or more of the following functions: Treat accompanying symptoms Moderate the harshness or toxicity of the primary substances Assist the chief and deputies in accomplishing their main objective Provide assistance from another therapeutic direction
102
Envoy (Messenger or Couriers) Shi
Guide the other medicines to a specific channel or organ or region of the body Exert a harmonizing influence, as is often the case with Gan Cao
103
Gong Bu
Simultaneous attack and reinforcement Often seen in patterns of excess with underlying deficiency Example: Zi Su Ye with Ren Shen
104
Nomenclature of Chinese Herbs
``` Based on Shape Based on Color Based on Smell & Taste Based on Geographic Location Based on Life Cycle Based on Specific Parts Based on Function Based on Human Action Involved Other ```
105
Nomenclature Based on Shape: Ru Xiang
Breast (milk) Fragant Frankincense -- Gel makes a breast shape, as it seeps from the tree and it has a strong odor
106
Nomenclature Based on Shape: Bai Mu Er
White Wood Ear White and Resembles an ear
107
Nomenclature Based on Shape: Niu Xi
Cow's Knees Has big Joints
108
Nomenclature Based on Shape: Gou teng
Hook Vine Tendril like attachments
109
Nomenclature Based on Shape: Long Yan Rou
Dragon Eye Meat Meaty part of Longyan fruit looks like a dragon's eye
110
Nomenclature Based on Shape: Gou Ji
Dog Spine Looks like a dog's spine
111
Nomenclature Based on Color: Hong
Red Hong Hua -- Red Flower (Sappflower)
112
Nomenclature Based on Color: Chi
Bright Red Chi Shao (Bright Red Peony)
113
Nomenclature Based on Color: Zhu
Dull Red Zhu Sha (Dull Red Sand) -- Cinnabar
114
Nomenclature Based on Color: Huang
Yellow Da Huang (Big Yellow)
115
Nomenclature Based on Color: Jin
Gold Jin Yin Hua (Gold/Silver Flower)
116
Nomenclature Based on Color: Bai
White Bai Shao (White Peony)
117
Nomenclature Based on Color: Yin
Silver Yin Guo Ye (Silver Fruit Leaf)
118
Nomenclature Based on Color: | Qing
Blue-green Qing Pi (Blue Green Peel) -- Greener orange peel
119
Nomenclature Based on Color: Lu
Green Lu Dou (Green Beans)
120
Nomenclature Based on Color: Hei
Black Hei Zao (Black Dates)
121
Nomenclature Based on Color: Wu
Black Wu Yao
122
Nomenclature Based on Color: Zi
Purple Zi Cao Gen (Purple Herb Root) Zi Su Ye (Purple Leaf)
123
Nomenclature Based on Smell & Taste: Xiang
Fragrant (not always pleasant) Mu Xiang -- Fragrant Wood Se Xiang -- Deer Musk -- very potent; miscarriages Coma -- Reviving
124
Nomenclature Based on Smell & Taste: Gan
Sweet Gan Cao -- Licorice
125
Nomenclature Based on Smell & Taste: Ku
Bitter Ku Shen Gen -- Bitter Herb Root
126
Nomenclature Based on Smell & Taste: Suan
Sour Suan Zao Ren -- Sour Date Seed
127
Nomenclature Based on Smell & Taste: Xin
Acrid Xi Xin -- Thin Acrid -- very cautious in dosing, very potent
128
Nomenclature Based on Smell & Taste: Dan
Bland Dan Zhu Ye -- Bland Bamboo Leaf
129
Nomenclature Based on Geographical Location: Bei
North Bei Sha Shen
130
Nomenclature Based on Geographical Location: Nan
South Nan Sha Shen
131
Nomenclature Based on Geographical Location: Dong
East Dong Yang Shen (Japan)
132
Nomenclature Based on Geographical Location: Xi
West Xi Yang Shen (USA) -- American Ginseng. More cooling than Ren Shen
133
Nomenclature Based on Geographical Location: Chuan
Si Chuan Province: Chuan Bei Mu (Best for Lung) -- Loquat Syrup -- Major Ingredient Chuan Niu Xi Chuan Xiong
134
Nomenclature Based on Geographical Location: Zhe
Zhejiang Province Zhe Bei Mu (Better for Lung Nodules)
135
Nomenclature Based on Geographical Location: Huai
Henan Province Huai Niu Xi
136
Nomenclature Based on Geographical Location: Zhang
Tibet Zhang Hong Hua
137
Nomenclature Based on Geographical Location: Fan
Barbarians Herbs imported to China from abroad Fan Xie Ye
138
Nomenclature Based on Life Cycle: Xia Ku Cao
Summer dry herb becomes withered and dry in summer
139
Nomenclature Based on Life Cycle: Ren Dong Teng
Tolerate Winter vine -- Honeysuckle vine -- Still there in Wintertime
140
Nomenclature Based on Life Cycle: Dong Chong Xia Cao
Winter bug summer herb (fungus that looks like a worm)
141
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Cao
Herb
142
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Dan
Gallbladder
143
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Dou
Seed
144
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Gen
Root
145
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Geng
Branch
146
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Gua
Fruit
147
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Hua
Flower
148
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Jiao
Horn
149
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Mu
Wood
150
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Pi
Peel, bark, outer skin
151
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Ren
Seed
152
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Shi
Stone
153
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Teng
Vine
154
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Ye
Leaves
155
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Zhi
Twigs
156
Nomenclature Based on Specific Parts: Zi
Seeds
157
Nomenclature Based on Function: Fang Feng
guard + Wind Jade Windscreen has Fang Feng Low immune system, sick all the time
158
Nomenclature Based on Function: Yi Mu Cao
Benefit Mother Ob/GYN
159
Nomenclature Based on Function: Xu Duan
Fix + Broken Used for trauma, broken bones, can hold baby in pregnancy
160
Nomenclature Based on Function: Yin Yang Huo
Honey Goat Wort or Weed
161
Nomenclature Based on Function: Yang Qi Shi
Yang Lifting the Rock Tonifies the yang -- Easy erection in male
162
Nomenclature Based on Humans or Human Action Involved: Liu Ji Nu
The live in slave named Liu identified this herb
163
Nomenclature Based on Humans or Human Action Involved: He Shou Wu
Dark-Haired Mr. He -- this herb is used to keep hair black Tonifies / nourishes blood Only work for blood deficiencies
164
Nomenclature Based on Humans or Human Action Involved: Qian Niu Zi
Walk Cow Seed Found while man walking his cows Morning Glory
165
Other Name Differentiation: 3 types of Di Huang
Xian Di Huang -- Fresh root -- tonify blood & Yin Sheng Di Huang -- Raw (not Processed), but dried Shu Di Huang -- Prepared (Steamed) -- Steamed 9X -- like tar, very cooling

Herbology (7 decks)

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