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Pharmacology Unit 1 > Herbal > Flashcards

Herbal Flashcards

1
Q

Echinacea

A

Cold symptoms

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2
Q

Echinacea MoA

A

Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Bactericidal and Virucidal

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3
Q

Echinacea Cautions

A

NOT FOR PREGNANT WOMEN
Unpleasant taste & GI effects
High alcohol content (caution in alcoholics)
No reported drug interactions
Avoid in immunocompromised patients

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4
Q

Garlic

A

Cholesterol and hypertension

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5
Q

Garlic MoA

A

Allicin inhibits HMG-CoA reductase which synthesizes cholesterol and exhibits antioxidant properties
Antiplatelet via ↑ nitric oxide
- Significant reduction in total cholesterol
- Significant reduction in SBP & DBP

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6
Q

Garlic Cautions

A

Nausea, hypotension, and allergic reactions may occur
Breath and body odor (20-40%)
Hypotension + Anti-platelet = do not take

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7
Q

Ginkgo

A

Intermittent claudication & Dementia

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8
Q

Ginkgo MoA

A

Intermittent Claudication: ↑ Blood flow, ↑ Vasodilation
↓Blood Viscosity

CNS Effects: ↑ Serum Acetylcholine & Norepinephrine

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9
Q

Ginkgo Cautions

A

GI effects, anxiety, insomnia, and headache.
Possible anti-platelet action
May be epileptogenic - avoid with hx of seizures

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10
Q

Ginseng

A

Improvement of Serum Glucose & Mental Performance

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11
Q

Ginseng MoA

A

Induces activated B and T cells, NK Cells & Macrophages
CNS: ↑Ach ↑Serotonin ↑Norepi ↑Dopamine

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12
Q

Ginseng Cautions

A

Estrogenic: Mastalgia & Vaginal Bleeding
Insomnia, Nervousness, and HTN
Use cation with anticoagulation, hypoglycemics, antihypertensives, and psych meds.

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13
Q

Milk Thistle

A

Hepatic Injury & Antidote for Amanita Mushroom

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14
Q

Milk Thistle MoA

A

Scavenges free radicals & works as Antioxidant
Reduces lipid peroxidation

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15
Q

Milk Thistle Cautions

A

Loose Stools
No significant toxicity
No reports of drug interactions

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16
Q

St. John’s Wort

A

Mild to Moderate Depression

17
Q

St. John’s Wort MoA

A

Inhibition of nerve terminal re-uptake of:
Serotonin, Norepi, and Dopamine
- Effective Substance

18
Q

St. John’s Wort Cautions

A

Photosensitivity & GI effects
Avoid with SSRIs or MAO-Is –> Serotonin Syndrome
Induces formation of CYP450 and P-glycoprotein
↓ Effectiveness of birth control pills

19
Q

Saw Palmetto

A

Improvement of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

20
Q

Saw Palmetto MoA

A

Noncompetitive inhibition of 5α-reductase and antagonist of DHT at androgen receptors

21
Q

Saw Palmetto Cautions

A

GI Distress, ↓ Libido
No Effect on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) marker

22
Q

Black Cohosh

A

Relief of Premenstrual & Menopause Symptoms

23
Q

Black Cohosh MoA

A

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator
Suppresses nitric oxide production in brain microglial cell
- Effective Substance

24
Q

Black Cohosh Cautions

A

Rash & Headache
Possible hepatic toxicity

25
Q

Valerian Root

A

Anxiety and Insomnia

26
Q

Valerian Root MoA

A

↑ GABA in the brain

27
Q

Valerian Root Cautions

A

Vivid Dreams
Hangover Effect

28
Q

Coenzyme Q10

A

CHF, HTN, Statin-induced myopathy
Parkinson’s Disease

29
Q

Coenzyme Q10 MoA

A

Benzoquinone serves as important antioxidant
Significant ↓ in SBP & DBP
↑ Ejection Fraction
↓ Statin-induced myopathy
- Effective Substance

30
Q

CoQ10 Cautions

A

GI disturbance (most common)
Headache & Dizziness
Structurally similar to Vitamin K and can ↓ effects of Warfarin

31
Q

Glucosamine

A

↓ pain from Osteoarthritis

32
Q

Glucosamine MoA

A

Precursor of glycosaminoglycans
(part of connective tissue such as joints and cartilage)

33
Q

Glucosamine Cautions

A

GI Effects
Caution with shellfish allergies
May increase INR with Warfarin (slow blood clotting)

34
Q

Melatonin

A

Sleep Aid & ↓ Jet Lag

35
Q

Melatonin MoA

A

Serotonin (5-HT) derivative
Release coincides with darkness
Regulates sleep cycles

36
Q

Melatonin Cautions

A

Sedation and Drowsiness
DO NOT USE IN PREGNANCY
Do NOT use while nursing
Metabolized by P-450 & can ↑ drug interactions

37
Q

Fish Oil (Omega 3 Fatty Acid)

A

↓ Triglycerides ↓ Inflammation ↓ Heart Disease

38
Q

Fish Oil MoA

A

Contains DHA and EPA
DHA & EPA block active side of enzyme stopping free fatty acids formation

39
Q

Fish Oil Cautions

A

↑ LDL
GI side effects
Fishy burps
↑ Risk of bleeding

Pharmacology Unit 1 (5 decks)

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