Hepatozoonosis, Babesiosis, Theileriosis, Enceohalitozoonosis

Question 1

Hepatozoon canis

Answer 1

Vector: Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick)
Neutriphils IC parasite!

1. Clinical signs: frequently asymptomatic , fever lethargy, anorexia,LN, nasal discharge, muscle pain/stiff gait,death
2. Diagnosis: blood smear, elliptic gamonts (8-12 um) in neutriphils (monocytes)
3. Necroscopy: inflammatory infiltrates and necrosis (liver,spleen,bone marrow). Histology if schizonts (50-100), peripheral nuclei, unlamimar

Question 2

Babesiosis

Answer 2

Eq- B. Caballi
Bo- B. Divergens (zoonosis), Bovis, Bigemina, Major
Dog- B. Canis, Vogeli, Gibsoni

Tick infestation! RBCs

1. Clinical signs:can be mild/inapparent or anorexia, anaemia, fever, jaundice, haemoglobinuria (not B. Caballi), weakness, dyspnoea, death , cow- abortion, dog- keratitis, iridocyclitis, CNS.
   * Chronic babeosis: Intermittent fever for several months, gradual emaciation and anaemia.
2. Diagnosis: detection of piroplasm in RBCs stained in Giemsa (red nucleus, blue cytoplasm)- seldom successful
   *Small babesia: (<3um) B. Divergens - paired NEAR edge of cells
   *Large babesia (3-5 um) B. Bigemina - paired at acute angle IN RBCs
   They are pyriform, round, elongated or cigar shaped
   *Serodiagnostic: ELISA,IFAT,CFT
   *Blood transfusion into splenectomized animals-> blood smear
3. Necroscopy: anaemia, jaundice, splenomegaly, sub-epicardial + sub-endocardial haemorrages
   Red/browned urine in bladder
   Liver+ kidney degeneration
   Catarrh with petechiae in GI mucoss

Question 3

Theileriosis

Answer 3

T. Equi, annulata - eq+ru
Tick infestation!

1. Clinical signs: anorexia,anaemia,GI, bloody-mucoid diarrhrea, LN, petechiae under tongue + vulva, dyspnoea, tachycardia.
   * Chronic form: jaundice, emaciation, intermittented fever
2. Diagnosis: i. detection of schizonts in biopsy if LN stained with Giemsa
   ii. KOCH’S bodies (12) in lymphocytes cytoplasm
   iii. Merozoites (0.5-2.7) in RBCs with Giemsa - rod shaped and blue, round, oval, ring shaped
   iv. Serodiagnostic
3. Necroscopy: haemorrages in serous and mucous membranes , LN+ splenomegaly ,
   * Chronic cases: ulcers in intestine, pulmonary oedema,cahexia

Question 4

Encephalitozoon cuniculi

Answer 4

Mammals , especially rabbits

1. Clinical signs: usually asymptomatic,
   * Rabbit: rarely neurological torticolliis,wry neck, paralysis, seizires
   * Dog+fox: iritis, keratitis, blindness
2. Diagnosis: detection of SPORES (1.5+2.5,eliptic/ovoid,) in Ca urine, oil immersion examination of stained sediment, IFAT,CIA,IIR (ink particles adhere to spores - Ab detection)
3. Necroscopy: macroscopic! 2-4 mm , large, greyish dents on rabbit’s+dog’s kidney surface
   * Histo: kidney (chronic interstitial nephritis),
   brain (multifocal granulomatous encephalitis, lymphocytes infiltration, necrotic foci surrounded by macrophages, lymphocytes containing developing stages of parasites)
   * Gram + , PAS + , Ziehl-Neelsen +
   *Thickened + nodular vesseles in arteries if viscera, esp. in superf. Coronary artery (can be seen in naked eyes)