Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CHHD > Hepatitis Viruses > Flashcards

Hepatitis Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What is hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver without pinpointing a specific cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What disorders may a patient present with when they have hepatitis

A
  • Have a liver injury caused by a toxin
  • Have liver damage caused by interruption of the organ’s normal blood supply
  • Be experiencing an attack by his or her own immune system through an autoimmune disorder
  • Have experienced trauma to the abdomen in the area of the liver
  • Viral or bacterial infection of the liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do the hepatitis viruses do in acute infectious fevers

A

They infect the Kuppfer cells of the reticuloendothelial system, so avoiding liver damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the characteristics of hepatitis carriers

A
  • Evolve from acute infections that are mild and anicteric
  • May be asymptomatic but detectable by blood testing
  • Are frequently the source of infection for others
  • Suffer long term sequelae of persistent infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What types of hepatitis are common to form hepatitis carriers

A

Hepatitis C and B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What kind of virus is hepatitis A and how is it spread most frequently

A
  • Enterovirus
  • Fecal oral contamination - shellfish, children, group homes, water food
  • Oral anal sexual activity contamination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the clinical features of Hepatitis A

A

Jaundice - chances increase as you get older

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What complications are associated with hepatitis A

A

Fulminant hepatitis
Cholestatic hepatitis
Relapsing hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How serious is hepatitis A

A

Tests show 40% of urban americans have had Hep A but only 5% recall being sick

Hep A can cause prolonged illness but usually only short term and doesn’t cause chronic liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of hepatitis A

A
  • Virus replicates primarily in the hepatocytes
  • Passes through the bile duct into the intestine where it is shed in large quantities
  • Damage to liver function results in raised liver enzymes
  • Jaundice lasts ~ 1 month, no carrier state, no tendency to chronicity or malignancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What passive protection methods for Hep A are there

A

Human normal immunoglobulin - 3-6 months coverage, post exposure prophylaxis for health care workers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is Hep A managed

A
  • Vaccine - formalin inactivated vaccine prepared from HAV grown in human diploid cells
  • Very high hygiene standards required
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A

A

15-50 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does Hep B contamination occur

A

Skin/mucus membrane contamination with blood or serous fluid, most likely transmission is through blood - low concs of virus in saliva, semen and vaginal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the incubation period for Hepatitis B

A

48-180 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the complications hepatitis B

A

Chronic hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Liver cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does replication occur for hepatitis B

A
  • RNA intermediate and use of reverse transcriptase

- High mutation rates, however small genome prevents a large degree of genetic variability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the clinical features of hepatitis

A

Jaundice
Acute case-fatality rate - 0.5-1%
Chronic Infection
Premature mortality from chronic liver disease - 15-25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the modes of transmission of Hep B

A
  • Parenteral - transfer in blood
  • Sexual - via genital fluids, sex workers and homosexuals
  • Perinatal - at/during birth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What chronic hep B diseases are there from bad to the worst

A
  1. chronic persistent hepatitis asymptomatic
  2. chronic active hepatitis - symptomatic exacerbations of hepatitis
  3. Cirrhosis of Liver
  4. Hepatocellular carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What in the blood indicates the patient’s blood is infective for others

A

Presence of HBeAg and Dane Particles

NB the core antigen is not detectable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What antigens are serological markers of Hepatitis B

A

HBsAg: present in acute and chronic infections
HBeAg: present in acute and chronic infections (indicates infectivity when present)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What enzyme is present in acute and chronic Hep B infections

A

Viral DNA polymerase

24
Q

What antibodies are serological markers for Hepatitis B

A
  • Anti-HBs indicate recovery, present in convalescence
  • Anti-HBe indicates little or no infectivity
  • Anti-HBc indicates recent infection if present in IgM form
25
Q

AY BAWS CAN I HABE DE NOTE PLZ

A

Only after a few years of life can symptomatic infection of Hep B occur but chronic infection is less and less likely with age

26
Q

What methods of control are there for Hep B

A
  • Block person to person transmission - safer sex

- Large scale immunisation

27
Q

What ways can Hep B transmit in the clinical setting

A

Due to:

  • Breakdown in sterilisation
  • Breakdown in infection control
  • Care with bodily fluids and PPE
28
Q

What emergency treatment is there for Hep B viruses

A
  • With potential exposure seeing GP asap
  • Dose of Hep B vaccine + 2 boosters
  • Hep B immunoglobulin - antibodies that can offer immediate but short term protection while the vaccine takes effect
29
Q

What treatment is there for short term (acute) Hep B

A
  • Doesn’t usually need specific treatment, except sometimes to relieve symptoms
30
Q

What treatment is there for long term (chronic) Hep B

A

Focused on keeping the virus under control:

  • Peginterferon - if liver is working well 1st treatment option
  • Antiviral medicines e.g. Entecavir, tenofovir
31
Q

Describe the successful response to treatment using entecavir

A

Results in disappearance of HBsAg, HBV-DNA and seroconversion to HBeAg

32
Q

What is cool about entecavir

A

Most powerful antiviral known, similar to adefovir

33
Q

What kind of drug is tenofovir

A
  • NRTI - nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor antiretroviral medicine
  • Treatment usually for several years
34
Q

What is the contamination route of Hep D

A

Skin/mucus membrane contamination with blood or serous fluid, most likely transmission is through blood - low concs of virus in saliva, semen and vaginal fluid

35
Q

Whats unique about Hep D

A

Infection is seen with Hepatitis B

36
Q

What is the incubation period of hepatitis D

A

14-56 days

37
Q

What are the symptoms of Hepatitis D

A

Usually asymptomatic

38
Q

What antigen is found on the surface of Hepatitis D

A

HBsAg

39
Q

What are the clinical features of confection with Hepatitis D

A
  • Severe acute disease

- Low risk of chronic infection

40
Q

What are the clinical features of superinfection with Hep D

A
  • Usually develop chronic HDV infection
  • High risk of severe chronic liver disease
  • May present as an acute hepatitis
41
Q

What is the difference between coinfection and superinfection with HBV and HDV

A

Coinfection - When a person becomes infected with both HBV and HDV simultaneously

Superinfection - when a person who is already chronically infected with HBV acquires HDV

42
Q

What prevention methods are there to avoid HBV/HDV coinfection

A

Pre or postexposure prophylaxis to prevent HBV infection

43
Q

What prevention methods are there to avoid HBV/HDV superinfection

A

education to reduce risk behaviours among persons with chronic HBV infection

44
Q

How does Hep C contamination occur

A

Skin/mucus membrane exposure with blood or serum

45
Q

What is the incubation period for Hep C

A

21-140 dats

46
Q

How common is chronic hepatitis in people who get Hep C

A

70-90%

47
Q

What are some complications of Hep C

A

Number 1 cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer

48
Q

AY BAWS CAN I HABE DE NOTE PLZ

A

usually severe signs and symptoms of hep C

49
Q

What risk factors are associated with Hep C transmission

A
  • Transfusion or transplant from infected donor
  • Injecting drug use
  • Haemodialysis
  • Accidental injuries with needles/sharps
  • getting a tattoo or body piercing with unsterilised tools
  • Sexual/household exposure to anti-HCV positive contact
  • Multiple sex partners
  • Birth to HCV-infected mother
50
Q

What immunity does the body develop for Hep C

A

none

51
Q

What clinical features are there in Hep C patients

A
  • Clinical illness (jaundice)
  • Chronic hepatitis
  • Persistent infection (85-100%)
52
Q

What control methods are there for Hep C

A

Vaccine - under development but difficult due to multiple serotypes
General measures - screening of blood donors and blood products, needle exchange schemes

53
Q

What drugs and combinations are used to treat Hep C

A
  • Simeprevir - protease inhibitor
  • Sofosbuvir - polymerase inhibitor
  • Daclatasvir
  • Combo of ledipasvir and sofosbuvir
  • Combo of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir
54
Q

How is hepatitis E transmitted

A

Contaminated water = fecal oral route

55
Q

What is the incubation period for Hep E

A

15-64 days

56
Q

What is the clinical features of HEV

A

Similar to HAV but:

  • Longer incubation time
  • Infection is generally acquired in adolescence or adult hood rather than infancy
  • In women infected in the late stages of pregnancy the mortality rate is about 20%
57
Q

What prevention and control methods are there for travellers to HEV-endemic regions

A
  • Avoid drinking water of unknown purity, uncooked shellfish and uncooked fruit/veg not peeled or prepared by traveller
  • IG prepared from donors in west and endemic regions aren’t so effective

CHHD (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions