Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CHHD > Endocrine Disorders 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine Disorders 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endocrine system do

A

Coordinates the function of different organs through chemical messengers called hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the classifications of hormone

A

Classified as peptides, steroids or amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What secretes hormones

A

Produced by endocrine glands and released in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the general function of hormones

A
  • Influence the function of target tissues- other glands or organs
    – Bind selectively to receptors located on the inside or on the surface of target cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What mechanisms do endocrine disorders occur by

A

– Overproduction of hormones

– Underproduction of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the causes (aetiology) of endocrine disorders

A

– Primary dysfunction of gland
– Secondary dysfunction of gland ( over or understimulation by other gland or exogeneous hormones)
– Receptor dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What diabetes is the most common and what is the difference between the 2 types

A

Type 2 = most common

Type 1 = lack of insulin
Type 2 = insulin resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the greatest risk factor for type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the osmotic symptoms of diabetes

A
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
  • Nocturia
  • Weight loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Besides osmotic tings what are the clinical presentations of diabetes

A
  • Recurrent infections for e.g oral or genital candidiasis
  • Lethargy
  • Visual blurring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a diabetic emergency for type 1 DM and what are the symptoms

A

Diabetes Ketoacidosis -

  • Osmotic symptoms
  • Weight loss
  • Abdominal pain
  • Confusion
  • Sweet smelling breath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a diabetic emergency for type 2 DM and what are the symptoms

A

Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic syndrome (HHS) -

  • Osmotic symptoms
  • Dry mouth
  • Confusion
  • Hallucinations
  • Reduced consciousness
  • Coma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What microvascular complications can come from long term poorly controlled DM

A

– Retinopathy most common cause of adult blindness
– Nephropathy leading cause of chronic kidney disease
– Neuropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What complications can macrovascular atherosclerosis from long term poorly controlled DM cause

A

– Angina pectoris and myocardial infarction
– Transient ischaemic attacks and Cerebrovascular accidents
– Peripheral vascular disease leading to acute limb ischaemia, gangrene, amputation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What complications can symmetric polyneuropathy cause in diabetes

A

– Affects the distal feet and hands
– Causes paraesthesia, dysesthesias, or a painless loss of sense of touch, vibration, proprioception or temperature
– Lower extremities ~ blunted perception of foot trauma ~ foot ulceration and infection or to fractures, subluxation, and dislocation etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What complications can autonomic neuropathy cause in diabetes

A
  • Gastroparesis, erectile dysfunction, orthostatic hypotension, neuropathic bladder, impaired
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What complications can mononeuropathy cause in diabetes

A

– Causes diplopia, ptosis when they affect the 3rd cranial nerve or motor palsies when they affect
the 4th or 6th cranial nerves
– Causes finger weakness and numbness (median nerve) or foot drop (peroneal nerve). Prone to nerve compression disorders, such as carpal tunnel syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What complications can increased risk of infections and poor healing cause in diabetes

A

– Adverse effects of hyperglycaemia on granulocytes and T-cell function
– Prone to fungal and bacterial infection
– Examples include mucocutaneous candidiasis, bacterial foot infections

19
Q

What symptoms are diagnostic for diabetes

A
  • Random blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L
  • Fasting blood glucose > 7.0 mmol/L
  • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
    – 2 hour glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L after 75 g glucose load
20
Q

What is HbA1c

A
  • Glycated haemoglobin

- Average plasma glucose concentration over past 8-12 weeks

21
Q

When can you not use Hb1Ac and what is used instead

A
  • Cant use in presence of a haemoglobinopathy

- Fructosamine used instead

22
Q

What treatment goals are there for diabetes

A
  • Control hyperglycaemia to alleviate symptoms
  • Prevention of complications
  • Avoid hypoglycaemic episodes
  • Goals for good glycaemic control - HbA1c levels < 48mmol/mol if on diet or metformin, 53 mmol/mol if no diet or metformin
  • Address other cardiovascular risk factors
23
Q

What are the management options for diabetes

A
  • Patient education : Self monitoring/ target blood glucose
  • Lifestyle measures: diet, exercise, weight
  • Drugs: Oral medication +/- insulin
  • Managing other risk factors : Lipid, BP, smoking, alcohol
  • Assessment of complications
24
Q

What are the aims for a good diabetic diet

A

– Low in saturated fat and cholesterol

– Contain reduced amounts of Carbohydrate, preferably from whole grain sources with higher fibre content

25
Q

What is the treatment is there fore type 1 DM

A

Insulin

26
Q

What treatment is there for type 2 DM

A

– If lifestyle changes are insufficient ~ single oral hypoglycaemic drug
– Combination therapy
– Addition of insulin if glycaemic control suboptimal with ≥ 3 agents

27
Q

Name as many types of oral agent for diabetes treatment as you can

A
  • Biguanides
  • Sulphonylureas
  • Thiozolinediones
  • alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
  • Meglitinides
  • DDP-4 inhibitor
  • SGLT-2 inhibitor
28
Q

Name a type of biguanide and what its effect is

A

Metformin - reduces target tissue resistance

29
Q

name a type of sulphonylurea and what its effect is

A

Gliclazide - stimulates insulin release

30
Q

name a type of thiozolinedione and what its effect is

A

Pioglitazone - alleviates insulin resistance

31
Q

name a type of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and what its effect is

A

Acarbose - delays intestinal breakdown of oligosaccharides to glucose

32
Q

name a type of meglitinides and what its effect is

A

Repaglinide - stimulates insulin release

33
Q

name a type of DDP-4 inhibitor and what its effect is

A

Sitagliptin - stimulates insulin production through the GLP-1 pathway

34
Q

name a type of SGLT-2 inhibitor and what its effect is

A

Dapagliflozin - excrete glucose through urine

35
Q

Name the options for non-insulin injectables and how frequently each should be taken

A

– Liraglutide ( daily)
– Dulaglutide ( weekly)
– Exenatide ( twice daily)
– Exenatide ( weekly)

36
Q

Name some short acting insulin drugs and when they should be taken

A

Novorapid, Humalo, Humulin S

- used at mealtime to control postprandial spikes in glucose

37
Q

Name some long acting insulin drugs and when they should be taken

A

Detemir, Glargine, Degludec

- Provides a steady basal effect over 24h

38
Q

What are the insulin injection sites

A
  • Abdomen
  • Buttocks
  • Upper outer arms
  • Upper outer thighs
39
Q

Name some oral manifestations that can arise from diabetes

A
  • Chronic/aggressive periodontitis
  • Severe dentoalveolar abscesses with facial space involvement
  • Dry mouth~ secondary to dehydration and decreased salivary flow
  • Oral lichenoid reaction ~ side effects of oral hypoglycaemic such as Metformin
  • Oral candidiasis, angular chelitis
40
Q

Why should diabetic patients be raised slowly upright in a dental chair

A

Risk of orthostatic hypotension as a result of autonomic neuropathy

41
Q

When should diabetics start eating again after dental treatment and what should they do if they have a limited ability to chew

A
  • Patients should resume normal diet following procedure as soon as possible
  • Patients with limited ability to chew after dental procedure should be instructed to have soft food or liquid to maintain glucose levels
42
Q

What affect do steroids have on diabetic patients

A

Worsens glycemic control

43
Q

What affect do steroids have on diabetic patients

A

Worsens glycemic control

CHHD (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions