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Gastrointestinal pathology > Hepatic pathology > Flashcards

Hepatic pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the liver:

A
  • Store glycogen
  • Release glucose
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Protein synthesis
  • Break down amino acids, detoxify nitrogenous molecules
  • Drug and steroid metabolism
  • Lipoprotein synthesis
  • Conjugation and exrection of bilirubin
  • Production of bile salts
  • Immune
  • Coagulation
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2
Q

Ex of proteins synthesised by the liver

A

Albumin
Coagulation factors
Ceruloplasmin (copper binding)

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3
Q

Lipoproteins synthesised in the liver:

A

vLDLs

HDLs

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4
Q

AST =

A

Aspartine amino transferase

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5
Q

ALT =

A

Alanine amino transferase

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6
Q

Is ALT or AST more specific to the liver?

A

ALT

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7
Q

PT =

A

Prothrombin time

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8
Q

What happens to PT in liver disease?

A

Increases

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9
Q

Which pathway is PT a measure of?

A

Extrinsic

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10
Q

GGT =

A

Gamma - GT

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11
Q

PT will be confounded in

A

Warfarin

VItamin K deficiency

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12
Q

GGT is a measure of

A

Alcohol

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13
Q

Causes of hepatitis =

A 
Alcohol
Viral
Drugs
Autoimmune
Non-alcoholic fatty liver
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14
Q

Viruses which can cause hepatitis =

A 
Hepatits A-E
CMV
Toxoplasmosis
EBV 
Cocksackie
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15
Q

Alcoholic hepatitis is caused by:

A

Reactive oxygen sepcies and neutrophils against acetylaldehyde adducts

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16
Q

What is characteristicly found on histology in alcoholic hepatitis?

A

Mallory bodies

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17
Q

Mallory bodies =

A

Intermediate filaments

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18
Q

AST : ALT in alcoholic hepatitis

A

AST>ALT

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19
Q

Autoimmune hepatitis has what ratio female:male

A

4:1

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20
Q

Symptoms of autoimmune hepatits =

A

Fatigue
Malaise
Jaundice
Splenomegaly

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21
Q

AST: ALT in autoimmune hepatitis

A

ALT>AST

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22
Q

Types of autoimmune hepatitis =

A

Type 1

Type 2

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23
Q

Type 1 autoimmune hepatitis =

A

Antinuclear antiboides

Antismooth muscle antibodies

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24
Q

Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis occurs in

A

Young females with other autoimmune conditions

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25
Antiboides in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis
ALKM-1 | ALC-1
26
Acute hepatitis'
A | E
27
Most common cause of acute viral hepatitis =
HEV
28
Spread of HAV
Fecal-oral
29
Chronic viral hepatitis =
B (30%) | C
30
Antibodies in HAV
IgM: active IgG: protective
31
Symptoms of HAV and HEV
Fever, nausea, vomiting, malaise, anorexia, distaste for cigarrettes
32
What % of patients recover from HAV
99%
33
Transmission of HBV
Blood-borne
34
Hepatitis B genome =
Ds DNA
35
Hepatitis A genome
ss +RNA
36
Meds for HBV
Tenofovir | Entecavir
37
Tenofovir
NRTI
38
Entecavir
Protease inhibitor
39
What increases risk of HBV becoming chronic?
Young age
40
HEV transmission
Fecal-oral
41
HCV transmission
Blood
42
HCV genome
Enveloped, +ve RNA
43
Serology of HCV
Anti-HCV antiboides | PCR
44
Clinical features of HCV
Asymptomatic acutely | Fatigue, anorexia, nausea, weight loss
45
What can HCV and HBV lead to
Cirrhosis | Hepatocellular carcinoma
46
HDV transmission
Blood
47
HDV needs
HBV
48
Hep D + B as same time
Coinfection
49
Hep B + D at different times
Superinfection
50
NAFLD =
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
51
NAFLD usually occurs in which patients?
Obese Hypertension Diabetes Hyperlipidemia
52
Steatosis =
Fatty liver, fat deposition in hepatocytes
53
Steatosis can lead to
Steatohepatitis
54
LFT in NAFLD
ALT raised | Sometimes AST
55
Alcoholic fatty liver disease is due to:
Acetylaldehyde metabolism causes increased storage, reduced beta oxidation, increased production
56
LFT in AFLD
AST>ALT
57
What cells are important for cirrhosis?
Stellate cells
58
Stellate cells normal function
Store Vit A
59
Stellate cells function in injury
Release collagen
60
Complications of cirrhosis =
``` Portal hypertension Hepatic enchealopathy Thombocytopenia Hypoalbumimia Splenomegaly Acities Kidney failure ```
61
Portal hypertension can cause
Acities Kideny failure Varicies Splenomegaly

Gastrointestinal pathology (6 decks)

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