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henrys foreign policies Flashcards

1
Q

What is suzerainty?

A

The feudal control of one territory by another.

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2
Q

What event in 1487 alarmed Henry VII?

A

An invasion that suggested the French would gain complete control of Brittany.

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3
Q

What did Henry VII do in 1489 regarding the French threat?

A

He summoned parliament to grant him extraordinary revenue to raise an army against the French.

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4
Q

What were the two main reasons for Henry VII’s actions regarding Brittany?

A

His sense of obligation to the Bretons and his fear of increased French threat to England.

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5
Q

What is a fiefdom?

A

An area over which feudal overlordship is exercised.

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6
Q

Who ruled Brittany before the French threat?

A

Duke Francis II.

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7
Q

Who was the only heir to Duke Francis II?

A

His daughter, Duchess Anne.

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8
Q

What was the significance of Duchess Anne’s gender?

A

She could not rule Brittany as her father did because she was born a woman in a time when women could not rule.

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9
Q

What was the Treaty of Redon?

A

An agreement in February 1489 where Duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany from the French threat.

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10
Q

Who did Henry VII seek to ally with to strengthen his position?

A

Maximilian, the Holy Roman Emperor-elect.

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11
Q

What is marriage-by-proxy?

A

One or both of the individuals being united is not physically present, usually being represented instead by another person.

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12
Q

Who was Charles VIII?

A

King of France from 1483 to 1498, concerned with asserting his claim to the throne of Naples.

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13
Q

How did Charles VIII’s ambitions affect Henry VII?

A

His focus on Naples reduced any potential threat from Charles to Henry VII.

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14
Q

What country did England share a border with?

A

Scotland was the only country with which England shared a border.

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15
Q

What was the nature of cross-border lawlessness in Scotland?

A

Cross-border lawlessness was a way of life in Scotland.

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16
Q

What alliance did Scotland have with France?

A

Scotland often worked closely with France as part of the ‘auld alliance’, which was explicitly anti-English.

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17
Q

What was France’s goal regarding duchies like Brittany and Burgundy?

A

France was seeking to bring duchies like Brittany and Burgundy more directly under the control of the French Crown.

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18
Q

What historical conflict characterized the relationship between France and England?

A

France and England shared a long-standing hostility which included the Hundred Years War, 1337-1453.

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19
Q

What was the status of Ireland during this time?

A

Ireland was an anomaly with no separate Irish state.

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20
Q

Who was granted the title of ‘Lord of Ireland’?

A

The title of ‘Lord of Ireland’ had been granted by the Pope to the King of England in the twelfth century.

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21
Q

What was the Holy Roman Empire?

A

The Holy Roman Empire was a loose federation of about 300 states, mostly situated in what is now Germany.

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22
Q

How was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire chosen?

A

The emperor was elected, though by the later fifteenth century, the elected emperor was always a member of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty.

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23
Q

Who was elected emperor in 1486?

A

Maximilian I was elected in 1486 and became emperor in 1493.

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24
Q

What happened to the Duchy of Burgundy after the death of Duke Charles the Bold?

A

The medieval power of the Duchy of Burgundy had been broken, and the lands of the duchy proper had been resumed by the French Crown.

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25
Who inherited the title of Duke of Burgundy after Charles the Bold?
The title of Duke of Burgundy would pass to Maximilian, Holy Roman Emperor.
26
What was the significance of the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile?
The marriage helped to bring the two kingdoms together, giving them a façade of unity.
27
What effect did Isabella's death in 1504 have on Ferdinand?
Isabella's death weakened the perception of unity and led to Ferdinand being involved in conflict to reassert his control over Castile.
28
How did Ferdinand's conflicts affect Henry VII's foreign policy?
Ferdinand's conflicts would have a significant effect on Henry VII's foreign policy.
29
Who ruled over Spain during Henry's time?
Ferdinand and Isabella ruled over Spain.
30
What was the Treaty of Medina del Campo?
The Treaty of Medina del Campo, signed in 1489, was an agreement that provided mutual protection between Spain and England, and arranged a marriage alliance between Arthur and Catherine.
31
What were the key points of the Treaty of Medina del Campo?
The treaty included mutual protection in case of attack, an agreement not to harbour rebels, and a marriage alliance between Arthur and Catherine.
32
What problems arose during the implementation of the Treaty of Medina del Campo?
Problems included difficulties in arranging the royal marriage, Ferdinand's reluctance due to Henry's dynastic threats, and disputes over Catherine's dowry.
33
When was the marriage between Arthur and Catherine finally agreed upon?
The marriage details were agreed in 1499 and took place in 1501.
34
What complications arose after Arthur's death?
After Arthur's death in 1502, Henry suggested Catherine marry Prince Henry, but Ferdinand was reluctant, and Henry lost interest after Isabella's death.
35
What was the outcome of the succession struggle in Spain?
Henry supported Juana in the succession struggle against Ferdinand after Isabella's death.
36
What happened to Juana and Philip during their journey to Spain?
Juana and Philip were forced to take refuge in England after their ship was wrecked at sea.
37
What did the Treaty of Windsor achieve for Henry?
The Treaty of Windsor secured a stronger relationship with Juana and Philip, restoring trade relations, returning the Earl of Suffolk, proposing a marriage alliance, and recognizing Juana and Philip as rulers of Castile.
38
What were the consequences of Philip of Burgundy's death?
Philip's death led to Juana being described as mad by Ferdinand, allowing him to become regent of Castile and leaving Henry diplomatically isolated.
39
What happened to the proposed marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine?
Ferdinand ensured that the marriage would not occur during Henry VII's lifetime, but they married once Prince Henry became King Henry VIII.
40
What were the initial relations between England and Scotland during Henry's reign?
Relationships remained relatively cordial for the first few years of Henry's reign.
41
What event in 1495 escalated tensions between Henry and James IV?
King James IV offered hospitality to Perkin Warbeck, who stayed at the Scottish court for two years.
42
What support did Perkin Warbeck receive from King James IV?
Warbeck received a pension and an aristocratic marriage to Lady Catherine Gordon, the king's cousin.
43
What action did James IV take in 1496 that threatened Henry?
James encouraged Warbeck to cross the border with a small army.
44
What was the outcome of Warbeck's invasion attempt in 1496?
The army spent little time in England, received no local support, and quickly retreated.
45
What was Henry's response to the invasion attempt by Warbeck?
Henry raised a larger army to launch an invasion of Scotland.
46
What significant political consequence arose from Henry's decision to invade Scotland?
It prompted a taxation rebellion the following year.
47
What event took place at Ayton?
An immediate truce was secured between England and Scotland.
48
What happened to Perkin Warbeck after the truce?
Warbeck was executed in 1499 as he became tiresome to James IV.
49
What agreement was made regarding James IV and Henry's daughter?
James was to marry Henry's daughter, Princess Margaret.
50
What formal treaty was sanctioned in 1502?
The Treaty of Perpetual Peace was sanctioned, and the marriage took place in 1503.
51
What was the outcome of Henry's efforts in Anglo-Scottish relations?
Henry was successful in ensuring the security of the dynasty.
52
At what age did James IV succeed to the Scottish throne?
James IV succeeded to the throne at the age of 15 in 1488.
53
What significant military action did James IV undertake in 1496?
He was responsible for the invasion of England.
54
What was the fate of James IV?
He was killed at the Battle of Flodden in 1513.
55
What was the extent of Henry VII's power in Ireland?
His power only extended as far as the 'Pale', the area surrounding Dublin.
56
Who were the most important descendants of the Anglo-Norman barons in Ireland?
The Fitzgeralds (Geraldines) and the Butlers.
57
Who was the dominant figure in Ireland during Henry's reign?
The Earl of Kildare, the leader of the Geraldines.
58
Why was the Earl of Kildare feared by Henry VII?
He had Yorkist sympathies and supported Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck.
59
Who was Gerald Fitzgerald, 8th Earl of Kildare?
He was known as 'the uncrowned king of Ireland' and was the leading member of the Irish nobility.
60
What was Henry's dependence on Kildare?
Henry became dependent upon Kildare for the maintenance of law and order in Ireland.
61
What approach did Henry take instead of relying on the Irish aristocracy?
Henry attempted the more costly approach of rule of the 'Pale' through an Englishman, backed by armed force.
62
Who did Henry appoint as Lieutenant of Ireland?
Henry appointed his infant son Prince Henry as Lieutenant of Ireland and Sir Edward Poynings as his deputy.
63
What was Poynings' initial strategy to establish royal authority?
Poynings was successful in establishing royal authority by means of the threat of force and the use of bribery.
64
What significant law did Poynings require the Irish parliament to pass?
'Poynings' Law' in 1495, which stated that the Irish parliament could pass no law without the prior approval of the English Crown.
65
What financial issues did Henry face during Poynings' rule?
Henry found the strategy too expensive, worsened by Warbeck's return to Ireland in 1495 and the threat of invasion by the Scots.
66
What decision did Kildare make in 1496 regarding his loyalty?
Kildare decided to serve Henry loyally, securing the submission of various Irish chieftains.
67
What was the outcome of Henry's efforts in Ireland by around 1500?
Henry had secured some level of peaceable - and cheap - authority over Ireland, largely due to Kildare's support.
68
How did Kildare's position benefit him personally?
Kildare was able to use his office to rebuild his family's fortunes, making him eager to support his former enemy.
69
What were the names of Henry VII's surviving children?
Henry VII had four surviving children: Arthur, Henry, Margaret, and Mary.
70
What happened to Prince Arthur in 1502?
Prince Arthur died unexpectedly in April 1502, increasing the insecurity of the dynasty.
71
Who became the heir to the throne after Arthur's death?
The heir to the throne became the young Prince Henry after Arthur's death.
72
What was a concern regarding Prince Henry's status as heir?
There were concerns about what might happen if King Henry VII died while Prince Henry was still a child.
73
What threat did Henry VII recognize he needed to eliminate?
Henry VII recognized the need to dispose of the threat from the Earl of Suffolk.
74
How did Henry VII manage to press for Suffolk's handover?
Henry VII was able to press Philip of Burgundy and Maximilian for Suffolk's handover after Juana and Philip took refuge in England in 1506.
75
What was the situation among Henry's key advisers as his health deteriorated?
There was a growing split between advisers associated with the Council Learned and others like Bishop Fox and Sir Thomas Lovell.
76
What happened after Henry VII's death on 21 April 1509?
After Henry VII's death, Bishop Fox and Richard Weston sought to manipulate the terms of succession to their advantage.
77
When was the announcement of Henry VII's death made?
The announcement of Henry VII's death was made on 23 April 1509.
78
What was the significance of royal marriage alliances during this period?
Marriage alliances were essential for enhancing power and influence in international diplomacy.
79
What was important for Henry VII in terms of marriage alliances?
It was important for Henry VII to seek appropriate marriage alliances to help bring about dynastic security.
80
Who was Catherine of Aragon originally intended to marry?
Catherine of Aragon was originally intended to marry Henry VII's eldest son and heir, Arthur.
81
What happened to Arthur?
Arthur suddenly died, which dashed Henry VII's initial marriage plans.
82
Who did Henry VII arrange for Catherine of Aragon to marry after Arthur's death?
Henry VII arranged for Catherine to marry his younger son, Prince Henry.
83
Who did Henry VII's oldest daughter, Margaret, marry?
Margaret was married to James IV of Scotland.
84
What was the significance of Margaret's marriage to James IV?
It strengthened alliances with Scotland during Henry VII's reign and weakened Perkin Warbeck's threat to the Tudor throne.
85
Who did Henry VII's younger daughter, Mary, marry?
Mary married the much older King of France, Louis XII.
86
What was the purpose of Mary's marriage to Louis XII?
It was to secure peaceful relations between England and France.
87
What did Henry VII try to do after the death of his wife, Elizabeth?
Henry VII tried to re-enter the marriage market.
88
Which potential alliances did Henry VII consider for remarriage?
He considered alliances with Castile, Aragon, France, and the Holy Roman Empire.
89
Why did Henry VII's plans for remarriage come to nothing?
The princesses concerned were reluctant to marry Henry, and he gradually lost enthusiasm for remarriage.

history - the tudors (6 decks)

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