Henry VIII: Challenging religious changes, 1533–37 Flashcards
What title was Cromwell given in 1535?
Viceregent in Spirituals
What power did viceregency give to Cromwell (2)
- Used the power to alter the doctrine
- used his power to launch propaganda campaign in support of the supremacy through preaching in churches
What new bishop was appointed that shared Cromwell’s religious view
Hugh Latimer
What action was taken in 1535 to deal with clergymen still loyal to the Pope?
Royal letters sent to all bishops, JPs and nobility ordering them to imprison clergymen who continued to preach the pope’s authority
When was the Act of Ten Articles
1536
What did The Act of Ten Articles set out (3)
- Define the new doctrine of the English Church
- Number of sacraments was decreased from 7 to 3
As Viceregent, what did Cromwell do in 1536
- Issued a set of Injunctions to the English Clergy; attacked trad. practices such as pilgrimages
What did the 1534 Treason Act do
Prosecute those who refused to swear the oath, as they were traitors
What did the injunctions attack? (4)
- Pilgrimages
- Emphasis placed in relics and images
- Worship of Saints and Holy days
what influential opponents to the supremacy were executed for treason
-Sir Thomas More
-John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester
Who were members of the conservative faction in the Royal Court (4)
- Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk
- Edward Stanley, Earl of Derby
- Thomas, Lord Darcy
- John, Lord Hussey
How was Mary seen by Conservatives and many who take part in the Pilgrimage?
- Mary served as a natural figurehead for those who wanted a restoration to the Church’s Catholic Values.
- Due to her mother being Cath of Aragon, Catholic ex-wife of Henry VIII
What had happened to Mary in 1534
- She was removed from the succession and made an illegitimate child of the King
What happened concerning Mary and Court
1535-36, Court based plot which sought to remove Henry and replace with Mary
What were the monastic orders and what did they follow (2)
-Groups of Monks and Nuns, people who dedicated their lives entirely to worship, who reside in Monasteries.
-Followed rules of poverty, chastity and obedience
Services of monks and nuns (4)
- prayed for the souls of the dead
- provided support for the poor
- care for the sick and elderly
- monasteries provided employment on their estates for both unskilled agricultural workers and skilled craftsmen
By the 1530s how many religious houses were there and how many people in religious orders
900 religious houses
-12,000 people in religious orders
Why were monasteries held in high regard in the North
North often hit by social and economic hardship
-provided a vital lifeline for those local communities in times of need
For reformers like Cromwell what did monasteries represent (2)
- The Wealth and Corruption of the Church
- Promoted the superstitious belief of purgatory
Why were the monasteries dissolved (2)
- monks/nuns owed their obedience to Rome
- dissolving the monasteries would give a valuable source of income
What revealed the wealth of the monasteries and when?
1535- Valor Ecclesiasticus
(aka: The Church Valuation)
How much did the dissolution raise
Monasteries dissolved between 1536 and 1537 raised £1.3 million
Names of commissioners appointed by Cromwell
Thomas Legh, Richard Layton
When were the first monasteries dissolved?
- In 1536 when an Act of Parliament authorised the dissolution of smaller monasteries
- Only those with a declared income of less than £200 per annum
What sparked the Lincolnshire Rising
- Dissolution of the monasteries and the activities of government officials sparked riots on the 2nd-3rd of October
- specifically the dissolution of the smaller monasteries and visitations of the clergy
What were the religious demands of the Lincolnshire Rebellion? (4)
- An end to the Protestant (reforms) ‘heresies’ to the religious doctrine, carried out by Cromwell in the Ten Artciles
- The reinstatement of the Pope in England
- Reversal of the dissolution of the monasteries
- An end to government attacks on the traditional privileges of the Church, such as benefit of the clergy
Evidence of the religious motivations (3)
- The name having religious connotations
- Carried a banner depicting the 5 wounds of Christ
- 9/24 Pontefract Articles were Religious grievances
Economic motives to the Pilgrimage (3)
- 1534 Subsidy (hit the impoverished North hard)
- Complained about entry fines and enclosures, financial strain
- 1535 Acts of Uses lead to a decline in traditional land management practices
Social motivations to the Pilgrimage
-Feared of the impact that the dissolution would have on the poor (who relied on alms)
-Shown by the Pilgrims ballads circulation in 1536
What were the political demands of the rebels (2)
- A northern parliament
- Mary to be made legitimate
- Nobility fiercely opposed Cromwell’s attained status and wealth
Who did the rebels think they were rebelling against
-The King’s ‘evil councillors’
How did the men of Louth show their anger at the dissolution
Marched to Legbourne nunnery and captured the commissioners who were trying to dissolve it
How many rebels were in the Lincolnshire rising
10,000
How had the Lincolnshire Rising ended
- Gentry asked the Duke of Suffolk for a pardon
- Angry commons were persuaded to go home as their leadership had abandoned them
Who was the leader of the Lincolnshire Rising
Nicholas Melton
Who supported the Lincolnshire Rising
Many Cross sections of society
- Commoners
- Monks form Lincolnshire Abbeys (Barlings/Kirkstead)
- Some members of the gentry
Why was the Lincolnshire Rising threatening? (5)
- Gentry became involved
- 10,000
- spread rapidly
- involvement of the clergy/ monks (church usually reinforced the social order)
- level of organisation
What mistake did Henry make before the Pilgrimage Of Grace?
On 19 October he disbanded the 2nd Royal Army due to head North, leaving the Duke of Suffolk to deal with Lincolnshire on his own
When did the PoG start
10th October 1536
When did the rebels take over York
- 16th October 1536
- Rebellion in East riding attracted 10,000 followers
How did the rebels in York show their intentions
Restored 2 religious houses that had been dissolved
What leading members of the gentry and nobility were supporting the PoG (3)
- Lord Latimer
- Sir Christopher Derby
- Robert Aske
Geographical extent of the PoG
Most of the North and North East (except Lancashire)
How many people took part in the Pilgrimage and what combat experience did they have?
- 30,000
- Its ranks held many soldiers with experience in wars against Scotland
What term could be used to describe Henry’s military resources during the PoG?
OVERSTRETCHED
What happened on the 23rd of October 1536?
Duke of Norfolk and Earl of Shrewsbury marched North with an army of 8,000 men, to meet the Rebellion at Doncaster
What ended the PoG
- 8th December 1536
- Rebels accept King’s pardon after Henry and Norfolk convince Aske that the rebels’ demands will be met.
What did Bigod plan to do in his Rebellion?
Capture Scarborough and Hull
When was Bigod captured?
10th of February 1537
Suppression of the Carlisle rebels
Carlisle rebels were hanged and executions conducted throughout Cumberland
How many people were executed after Carlisle and Bigod’s Uprsing, what were the names of the leaders who were executed? (4)
144 people executed
-including Robert Aske, Sir Thomas Percy, Bigod and Lord Hussey
Influential members of the nobility involved in the PoG (4)
-Lord Darcy
-Lord Hussey
-Sir Robert Constable
-Sir Thomas Percy
How was Aske an effective figure
- Acted as a military captain
- Legal training and position of gentry made him a natural leader
- Could lead the Commons and communicate with the Upper Nobility and Royalty effectively
Aske’s mistakes (2)
- Overly idealistic
- Conviction in the moral rightness of his protest meant that he was too willing to accept concessions
Why did Bigod fail (4)
- committed evangelical, not Catholic
- lacked natural ability to co-ordinate
- unable to harness support
- lacked gentry leadership
What was Cromwell able to do because of the Pilgrimage of Grace?
- Purge the remaining Yorkist rivals
- e.g Henry Courtenay, Marquis of Exeter, Henry Pole Lord Montague
What did Cromwell use the PoG to further do
- Used monastic involvement in the PoG, as a pretext to close larger monasteries
- Monasteries could now be associated with treason and disobedience of Henry’s supremacy
When did the closure of larger monastaries begin
1537
How did the closure of larger monasteries begin (4)
- not through an act of parliament
- tactic of ‘voluntary’ closures
- Abbots that surrendered their monasteries were well rewarded by the Crown in their pensions
- Abbots who resisted were executed
What Statute was passed by Parliament in 1539 to dissolve larger monasteries
1539- Act of the Suppression of Religious Houses
What were the contents of Henry’s initial letter to the Pilgrimage? (3)
- expressed outrage that the rebels would dare to defy his rule
- made no concessions
- no mercy to the ringleaders of the risings
How did the Rebels’ respond to Henry’s letter?
- Encouraged the rebels to continue
- Had more to gain by continuing to put pressure on government
What was in Henry’s second letter to the rebels
-offered negotiation between DoN and 300 of the rebels
-careful not to address Pilgrim’s articles
What did Henry do to try and control the rebellion
- Made a series of promises to the rebels that appeared to address their grievances (NOT IN WRITING)
- able to go back on his word
- vague promises
What ‘promises’ did Henry make to the rebels? (3)
- A Northern parliament
- A General pardon to the rebels
How did Henry handle his promises?
- Named no specific date for the discussion of a Northern Parliament
- Delayed discussion of controversial grievances (e.g dissolution of the monasteries)
What made the PoG go home
Henry’s provision of a pardon and his promise that he’d fulfill the rebels’ demands
What did DoN convince Henry of?
- Negotiation and playing for time would be a better tactic
- Suggested that Henry propose a Northern parliament to the Rebels
Why did the DoN’s position make it easier to negotiate?
- Was a leading member of the Conservative faction of Court
- This meant Aske and the Nobility trusted him to put their case to Henry
How did DoN defeat the rebels
Made a compromise arrangement
- Norfolk addressed their concerns by ensuring them that the Monasteries would be restored to their previous state until a Parliament was held.
- This convinced the rebels to accept the king’s pardon as they felt a compromise had been reached.
How did DoN deal with Bigod’s rising and failed attempt at Carlisle
Martial law
How did DoN exploit increasing divisions and distrust between commons and former gentry Pilgrims
Recruited former rebels to his council:
- Sir Ralph Elleker
- Robert Bowes
Rebels felt they couldn’t trust their own ranks.
How many of the Carlisle rebels were executed?
74
What was done to prevent further unrest (2)
- Re-organised Council of the North
- appointed loyalist such as Tunstall, who was given extensive powers to enforce obedience to the royal will
