Challenging the succession 1485-1499 Flashcards
What was the impact of Bosworth (2)
- Henry was seen as a usurper, whose claim to the throne was weak
- Henry’s victory was seen as a sign that God approved of his assumption to power
How did Henry manage the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions (2)
- Married Elizabeth of York to unite the houses Jan 1486
- Gave the Yorkists (esp. Richard supporters) at Bosworth, an opportunity to prove their loyalty
Example of notable surviving Yorkists that were pardoned (3)
- John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln
- Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey
- Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland
All were pardoned because they seemed prepared to work with the new regime
Example of Henry rewarding supporters (2)
- Jasper Tudor was created Duke of Bedford
- Thomas Stanley made Earl of Derby
How did Henry attempt to make the Crown’s finances more secure
passed the Act of Resumption in 1486
- allowed Henry to take back all the Crown lands that were given away since 1455; increased wealth
When did Staffords and Lovell leave sanctuary and what did they do
April 1486- tried to raise a rebellion in the name of the Earl of Warwick
How was Lovell’s rebellion surpressed (2)
- Suppressed by Jasper Tudor
- Lovell fled to Burgundy and took refuge with Margaret Duchess of Burgundy
What did Lovell try to do after
Raise a rebellion in Yorkshire, exploiting loyalties to Richard III
little support and FAILED
What happened to the Staffords
-Sir Humphrey Stafford was executed but Thomas was pardoned
What did Stafford and Lovell fail to do
gain any support,
-Henry advanced on the Midlands, the Stafford fled and failed to take refuge in sanctuary again
Where had the Staffords and Lovell entered protection
Entered the protection of sanctuary at Colchester- where they plotted to rebel against Henry
What men hoped to restore the Yorkist monarchy (3) first time
-Humphrey Stafford
-Thomas Stafford
-Francis, Lord Lovell
What did Henry do when summoned parliament in 1485 (3)
- Confirmed Henry as King
- Declared Henry’s reign had begun on 21 August 1485 (day before Bosworth)
- Cancelled ‘Titilus Regius’, which previously made Elizabeth of York illegitimate
What did Henry do to secure his throne (6)
-Crowned in a formal ceremony
-Summoned parliament
-Married Elizabeth of York
-Rewarded his supporters
-Dealt with Ricardians
-1486- Embarked on a progress to the Midlands/North
Which pardoned Yorkist betrayed the King’s trust
John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln- loyal until 1487, when he fled the court and was killed in the Battle of Stoke
What were 2 rebellions that did not include pretenders
Yorkshire (1489)
Cornwall (1497)
-Stemmed not from dynastic causes but from the King’s demands for money
What caused the 1489 Yorkshire rebellion (3)
- Henry planned to aid Brittany
- Parliament granted him £100,000
- tax caused widespread resentment because it was raised in a new way, a sort of income tax
Why was the 1489 Yorkshire rebellion in Yorkshire (2)
- Tax was particularly badly received because it was suffering the after-effects of a bad harvest
- Also resented the fact that counties to the north of them were exempt from the tax
Henry’s reaction to 1489 Yorkshire rebellion (3)
- Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland put their case to the king but Henry refused to negotiate
- When Northumberland returned, he was murdered
- the Earl of Surrey defeated the rebels outside of York
What caused the 1497 Cornwall rebellion
- (Jan 1497) Parliament voted for a heavy tax to finance an expedition north to resist the expected Scot/Warbeck invasion
- Cornish, who were traditionally independent, refused to contribute to the defence of the northern part of the kingdom
How many rebels were involved in the Cornish rebellion (3)
JUNE
-Rebel force of about 15,000 men marched to London and reached Blackheath
-Were confronted by a royal army and defeated
-Estimated 1000 rebels were killed
Who did Simnel impersonate?
Edward Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick
What Irish support did Simnel receive?
Received the support of the lord deputy, the Earl of Kildare- one of the most powerful nobles in Ireland
- Was crowned Edward Vi by Earl of Kildare
Who else had Simnel been supported by and how
Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy
-She sent money and a force of 2000 German mercenaries to Ireland, led by an experienced field commander Martin Schwarz
What did Henry do in response to Simnel?
-the real Earl of Warwick was taken out of the Tower and exhibited in London to expose the imposter
Which noble/claimant supported Simnel (2)
- Earl of Lincoln joined Lord Lovell at the court of Margaret Burgundy (1487)
- In May 1487, Lincoln then accompanied Lovell and Schwarz to Ireland
Why had the pretenders been a dangerous challenge (3)
-gained support of English nobles (such as Earl of Lincoln)
-foreign support
-Lasted a long time 1487-99
When was the battle of Stoke
16 June 1487
How many men did Lincoln have at the battle of Stoke
8000
How many men did Henry have at the battle of Stoke
Royal army- 12000
Who died in the Battle of Stoke
Lincoln and Schwarz
Who was captured in the Battle of Stoke
Simnel and Symonds
How was Richard Symonds punished
sentenced to life imprisonment in a bishop’s prison
How was Lambert Simnel treated
Recognising that he had merely been a pawn;
Henry made him a turnspit in the royal kitchen
How could Henry’s actions be described?
Calculated mercy
How were nobles who fought at Stoke dealt with
-28 were attained and their lands confiscated
(passed 28 Acts of Attainder against the rebels)
What did the Battle of Stoke show (2)
- How vulnerable the kingship was
- Country was still unsettled
After the Battle of Stoke what did Henry do?
25 November 1487, crowned Elizabeth of York queen
Why was Elizabeth of york crowned queen (4)
- Unite the nation
- Secure the goodwill of the people
- satisfy the disaffected Yorkists
- Strengthen the dynasty
When did Perkin Warbeck emerge/ where
1491- Cork, Ireland
-claims to be Richard Duke of York
When had Richard Duke of York disappeared
1483- Henry had no way of disapproving Warbeck’s claim
What reception did Warbeck get in Cork in 1491
Mixed reception-
people of Cork enthusiastic but Earl of Kildare reluctant to get involved directly
When was Warbeck invited to France and by whom
Charles VIII of France in 1492- Warbeck treated as if he were really a prince
By 1494-95 Henry became increasingly worried by the threat from Warbeck, why? (3)
- Agents from Burgundy were able to infiltrate England and there were cases of men trying to recruit supporters in 1493-94
- Sir William’s Stanley’s betrayal
- Warbeck’s attempted landing in Kent
Why was Sir William’s Stanley’s betrayal particularly worrying
- He was Chamberlain of the King’s Household, had daily personal access to Henry
- Stanley was in communication with Warbeck
- Jan 1495, Stanley was convicted of treason and executed
When was Warbeck’s attempted landing in Deal, Kent + with how many soldiers
July 1495
-small force of 300 soldiers
Why did Warbeck flee Deal, Kent
failed to get any local support
When does Warbeck try to invade England from Scotland + with how many people
- September 1496, with a small force of 1400
- Failed to raise support in the North and retreated back to Scotland
What did the threat of Warbeck force Henry to do
1497- Henry forced to raise taxation to fund an army to fight Warbeck
When was the Cornwall rebellion + how many involved
June 1497, numbered about 15,000
-royal army won a decisive victory, around 1,000 rebels killed
When did Warbeck leave Scotland for Ireland
July 1497- aimed to take advantage of the recent unrest in the region to provoke a rebellion against the Tudor dynasty
Henry using patronage to defend against Warbeck
Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devon- was given the job of defending Exeter against the rebels
When did Warbeck land in Land’s End
How many men did Warbeck attract in Cornwall
-September 1497
Between 3,000-8,000 but he was unable to attract the gentry and nobility
When was Warbeck captured
1497
How did Henry treat captured Warbeck at first
-Treated well- accepted at Henry’s Court and not formally imprisoned
When was Warbeck formally arrested
-June 1498, Warbeck tried to escape and was arrested and put in the Tower
When was Warbeck tried for treason
1499- convicted and hanged
How did Henry strengthen his dynasty (3)
- Built his own dynasty; birth of Arthur in 1486, Henry in 1491
- 1489 achieved a significant alliance with Spain in the “Treaty of Medina del Campo”
- Major European power acknowledged Henry’s right to be King
What other factors helped Henry survive (3)
- Had more resources and power
- Warbeck unable to sustain foreign support
- When Warbeck tried to invade (1495,96,97), was unable to attract any significant support
What did Henry establish/ have that stopped Warbeck
- By the early 1490s Henry established a network of spies; kept him informed of Warbeck’s movements
(e.g when Warbeck landed in Kent in 1495 Henry had troops waiting for him) - had effective chains of command e.g Earl of Devon in Exeter
-Succesful use of punishments and rewards
What did Henry use to punish those conspiring with Warbeck
-Acts of Attainder
-24 men were attained in the parliament of 1495
What system did Henry use to make the nobility obey
-System of bonds and recognisances
e.g Thomas Grey, Marquis of Dorset was forced to take out recognisance for £1,000 to ensure good behaviour
- Grey remained loyal and helped put down the 1497 rising in Cornwall
How was Warbeck a considerable challenge
-Support of foreign powers
-If he had taken advantage of the unrest in Cornwall
When did Warbeck arrive in Ireland
1491, 1495, 1497
-In 1495 Warbeck was helped by another Irish noble, the Earl of Desmond and attacked the town of Waterford
How did Henry deal with the Irish threat
- Sent a small force to deal with Warbeck in 1492
- 1494 Henry sent a trusted official Sir Edward Poynings to Ireland to enhance English royal authority there
- in 1495, Poynings rescued the town of Waterford
What were Poynings actions in Ireland
-ordered the arrest of Kildare on suspicion of treason; imprisoned in England until 1496
-‘Poynings law’ in 1495- no Irish parliament could be summoned unless the English King had given his consent
Who was Margaret Duchess of Burgundy
Sister of Edward Vi and Richard iii
-Had enormous influence in Burgundian politics
-tried to restore a Yorkist monarch to the throne
How did Margaret offer support to rival claimants (3)
-Offered protection and active support to Yorkist plotters,
including John de la Pole, Francis Lovell and Perkin Warbeck
-Offered Warbeck protection to him from 1493 to 1495 and used her connection with Maximilian the Hapsburg Holy Roman Emperor to try to improve Warbeck’s challenge
-prepared to back Warbeck with an armed force in 1495 for his failed landing at Deal
How did Henry deal with the Burgundy threat
-Enforced a trade embargo
-1496 England and Burgundy signed a treaty known as “Intercursus Magnus”; Margaret agreed to stop supporting Warbeck and trade embargos lifted
Why did Anglo-French relations deteriorate
French invasion of Brittany in 1489
-France absorbed Brittany in 1491
How did Henry deal with the French threat
-October 1492 launched an invasion of France
(wanted to inconvenience Charles 8 to rethink his support for Warbeck)
What did Henry negotiate with France
Treaty of Etaples (1492)
-Charles agreed not to harbour enemies
Why did the Scottish threat not continue after 1497
-James had grown tired of supporting Warbeck (mb stopped believing Warbeck)
-or James may have realised that Henry was too secure to be easily toppled and that it would cost too much
What did Scotland and England agree to
7 year truce of Ayton (1497)
-agreed to drop all support for Warbeck
-James iV married Princess Margaret in 1503
How many royal troops died at the Battle of Stoke
3000
