Henry VIII (8th) Flashcards
When was Henry VIII’s Reign?
1509-1547
When was the re-negotiation of the Treaty of Etaples?
-1510
-A year later Henry went against it
When did Henry join the Holy League, which countries were involved and what was it?
-1511
-It involved England, Spain, HRE and Venice
-All rivals of France
When did Henry first invade France and what happened?
-1512
-Failure
-Led to debt and humiliation
What was the Battle of Spurs and when was it?
-1512-13
-England invaded France from the North-East
-Success = captured Tournai and Therouanne
When was the Battle of Flodden and what happened?
-1513
-Battle between Scotland and England
-Henry was away so Catherine and Earl of Surrey as regents
-Success for England= 1,500 killed
-10,000 Scottish killed including James V
When were the deaths of the Monarchs and what did it lead to?
-Death of Louis XII (1515)
-Death of Ferdinand of Aragon (1516)
-Death of HRE Maximilian (1519)
-Led to younger, more competitive Monarch’s emerging
When did Francis take over from Louis and what happened?
-1515
-Francis and Henry immediately became rivals
-Henry looked for a alliance with Spain
-However, when Charles V came to power (1516), he made an alliance with France
-Maximilian formed the Treaty of Cambria with France as well
-Left England isolated
What was the Antemurale Christianitatis?
- 1520
-Pope Leo X, called for a crusade against Ottomans
-Wolsey saw Leo’s scheme as an optimistic way of putting England at the centre of diplomacy
-Called for major powers of England to live in universal peace
-24 countries signed the treaty
-Major success, led to fame and end of isolation
What was the Field of the Cloth of Gold ?
-2 week meeting between Francis and Henry
-Took place in Calais (under English control)
-Met in a lavishly controlled Pavilion that cost 15,000 in decorations
-Henry wanted to show off his wealth
What was the Amicable grant and when was it?
-1525
-Tax imposed by Wolsey
-Raise funds
-Led to revolts
When did Henry get excommunicated and what did this mean?
-1538
-Pope Paul III excommunicated Henry from Catholic Church
-Meant English Catholics didn’t need to obey him
-Pope sent envoys to Scotland and france
-To raise crusade against England
Who were Empson and Dudley?
- Powerful financial administrators under Henry VII
- Henry VIII had Empson and Dudley arrested almost immediately
Both men were executed in 1510 - Henry VIII wanted to distance himself from his father’s unpopular policies
Role of Wolsey
- Lord Chancellor (1515-1529)
- Papal Lagate
- Expanded Court of Star Chamber
- Amicable Grant
- Treaty of London (1518), Treaty of Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520)
- Fell from power due to Amicable Grant and Henry’s break from Catholic Church
What was Act of Annates?
- 1532
- Act stopping payments to Rome from clergy taking up new posts
What was Acts in Restraint of Appeals?
- 1533
- No appeals could be made to the Pope on decisions taken in English Court
Who replaced Wolsey as Chief Minister?
- 1532
- Thomas Cromwell
What 3 Courts did Wolsey find?
- Court of First Fruits
- Court of Wards
- Court of Agumentations
What did the Act of Supremacy establish and when was it?
- 1534
Henry was made Supreme Head of the Church of England - All clergy had to swear an oath to Henry’s title
- Crown had the power to carry out visitations to Monasteries
What was Enclosure?
- Process where landowners put small areas of land into one big farm
- ## Made farming more productive and profitable
What was the Dissolution of Monasteries and when was it?
- 1536- 1541
- Closing monasteries
- Henry needed the land and money to fund wars and his lavish lifestyle
- Monasteries were loyal to the Pope= break from Rome
- Caused Pilgrimage of Grace
What was the Pilgrimage of Grace?
- 1536
- Involved around 30,000 people
- Led by Robert Aske
- Rebels marched under Five Wounds of Christ banner
- Took control of York and other northern Towns
- Henry pretended to negotiate but broke his promise once rebels backed down
- 200 people executed including leaders
What was the Treaty of London and when was it?
- 1518
- Designed by Wolsey which 24 countries signed
- Stated if there was a crusade all other signatories would attack the state that broke the treaty
- Made England the heart of Diplomatic Policies
Hierarchy of Commoner
- Gentry
- Merchants
- Yeomen
- Husbandmen
- Labourers
