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GCSE History > Henry VIII > Flashcards

Henry VIII Flashcards

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1
Q

When was Wolsey’s big break?

A

1512

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2
Q

What was Wolsey’s most important step in his rise to power?

A

He became Lord Chancellor and Henry’s chief minister and Cardinal

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3
Q

What was Wolsey‘s nickname?

A

Alter Rex (second king)

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4
Q

Who was Henry’s traditional enemy?

A

Francis the first, king of France

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5
Q

When was the treaty of London?

A

1518

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6
Q

When was the Field of the cloth of gold?

A

1520

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7
Q

When was the Treaty if Bruges

A

1521

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8
Q

When was the Treaty of More?

A

1525

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9
Q

When was the Treaty of Westminster?

A

1527

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10
Q

When was the Treaty of Cambrai?

A

1529

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11
Q

What was the problem with finance?

A

The King did not have an income

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12
Q

What did Wolsey do to improve finance?

A

Act of parliament took Crown lands back

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13
Q

What were the results of finance?

A

Crown had to sell more lands

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14
Q

What was the problem with enclosures?

A

Land owners were increasingly taking over

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15
Q

What did Wolsey do to improve enclosures?

A

Tried to support common people against landowners

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16
Q

What were Wolsey’s results? (Enclosures)

A

Made him enemies with landowners

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17
Q

What problem did justice cause?

A

Difficult for landowners to take legal cases to court because of high costs

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18
Q

What did Wolsey do to try and improve justice?

A

He acted as a judge himself in the Court of Star Chamber

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19
Q

What were Wolsey’s results (justice)?

A

Some people help to poor people wanted to use courts more than the court could deal with

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20
Q

What problem did The Amicable Grant cause?

A

Wolsey made people pay a forced loan in 1522

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21
Q

What did Wolsey do to improve it?

A

Wolsey collected another tax without asking first

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22
Q

What were Wolsey’s results? (The Amicable Grant)

A

Tax was deeply unpopular

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23
Q

Why did Henry want to leave Catherine so badly?

A
  • fell in love with Anne Boleyn
  • he wanted a boy not a girl
  • his brothers widow
  • he thought she was lying about her last marriage not being consummated
  • thought their marriage could be against Christian law
  • Catherine had conceived 6 times
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24
Q

Who were the key members of Anne’s tribe?

A

George Boleyn (Anne’s brother)

Sir Thomas Boleyn (Anne’s father)

Thomas Howard (Anne’s uncle, Duke of Norfolk)

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25
Q

In 1527 who did Wolsey organise a peace treaty with?

A

France and England

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26
Q

When did England declare war on the Holy Roman Empire?

A

1528

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27
Q

What was Henry’s attitude to Wolsey and example of?

A

His indecisiveness

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28
Q

In what year was Wolsey appointed to Royal Council as Royal Almoner (giving money to the poor)?

A

1509

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29
Q

What happened in the same year that Henry VIII became king?

A

Wolsey was appointed to Royal Council as Royal Almoner

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30
Q

When did the first war with France take place (Battle of the Spurs)?

A

1512-1514

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31
Q

Why was 1515 an important year for Wolsey?

A

Wolsey became chief minister, cardinal and Lord Chancellor

32
Q

Why was 1525 such an important year?

A

The Amicable Grant took place. Failure for Wolsey

33
Q

What did the Amicable Grant consist of?

A

Taxation to raise money for war (1/3 of priests property and 1/6 ordinary people property). It was not approved by Parliament. Caused a rebellion in East Anglia

34
Q

What happened a year after the Amicable Grant in 1525?

A

Eltham Ordinanaces

35
Q

What did the Eltham Ordinanances attempt to do?

A

Tackle managment of palace. Reduced spending and cut numbers in the Privy chamber from 12 to 6

36
Q

What happened in the year 1527?

A

Henry decides to divorce Catherine which meant that Wolsey has to try and persuade Pope Clement VII to grant annulment

37
Q

What strength did the Treaty of Westminster have?

A

Created stronger relations with France

38
Q

Why was 1529 a extremely key year?

A

FALL OF WOLSEY - stripped his powers due to reforms, Amicable Grant, failure to gain annulment, foreign policy and the Boleyns.

39
Q

In what year did Wolsey die and how?

A

1530

He died on his way to stand trial for

40
Q

In what year did Cromwell join the privy council?

A

1531

41
Q

In what year did Cromwell become chief minister?

A

1533

42
Q

What year did Henry get secretly married to Anne Boleyn?

A

1533

43
Q

What year did Henry annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and how?

A

1533, Cromwell managed to make Henry head of the church which meant that Henry could then annul his own marriage to Catherine

44
Q

What year did Anne give birth to Elizabeth?

A

1533

45
Q

When was the Act in Restraint of Appeals and what did it do?

A

1533, It got rid of all foreign rules

46
Q

When was the Act of Succession and what did it do?

A

1534, made Mary illegitimate which meant that Elizabeth was next in line. Included the oath of succession which all churchmen had to take

47
Q

When was the Act of Supremacy and what did it do?

A

1534, Made Henry head of the Church of England

48
Q

When was the Treason act and what did it do?

A

1534, listed crimes that were treason and punished by execution

49
Q

When was Elizabeth Barton (Nun of Kent) executed and why?

A

1534, she was executed for treason (questioning the king)

50
Q

Who refused to take the Oath of Succession and what happened to them?

A

Thomas More (Henry’s Lord Chancellor after Wolsey) and John Fisher so they were sent to Tower of London

51
Q

Give some factors of why Anne Boleyn fell from power and in what year did this happen?

A

1536

  • Accused of imagining the kings death
  • Accused of having afairs with 5 men including her own brother
  • Role of Cromwell behind it all
  • Henry ‘fell in love’ with Jane Seymour (thought she could give him a boy)
52
Q

What 3 acts took place in 1536?

A
  • Act for the Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries (got rid of smaller monasteries)
  • Act of Union (Wales part of England)
  • Act of Ten Articles (set out of beliefs of new church)
53
Q

What other key event took place in 1536?

A

Pilgrimage of Grace (a rebellion)

54
Q

What year was Anne Boleyn accused of adultery and beheaded?

A

1536

55
Q

What year did Jane Seymour die?

A

1537, 12 days after giving birth to Edward

56
Q

What was the order of ‘The chain of being’

A
  • God
  • angels
  • royalty
  • commoners
  • animals
  • plants
  • non living things
57
Q

What was Wolsey’s personality like?

A
  • not a member of the nobility
  • extremely intelligent
  • very ambitious
  • charming and persuasive
  • ruthless with anyone who threatened him or the king’s government
58
Q

What were Wolsey’s roles?

A

Wolsey was both Lord Chancellor and a cardinal in 1515. This strengthened his power.

59
Q

How did Wolsey rise to power?

A
  • carried out boring important tasks that Henry wouldn’t
  • the war with France in 1512 enabled him to prove his worth to Henry and organised a well equipped and supplied army by 1513
  • Wolsey’s persuasive personality
60
Q

What was The Amicable Grant?

A

A tax levied on the King’s subjects in 1525 to pay for an invasion of France.

61
Q

Why was The Amicable Grant introduced?

A
  • King of France has been defeated by Charles V in 1525
  • Henry wanted to take advantage so invaded France and recovered land lost by the crown in 15th century
  • The Amicable Grant was to help pay for this invasion.
62
Q

Why was The Amicable Grant controversial?

A
  • taxes often included subsidy
  • 15th and 10th had all been approved by parliament
  • The Amicable Grant had not been approved in this way and was being collected by royal defence
  • people only had 10 weeks to pay this tax and many resented as they could not afford it
63
Q

Short term consequences of The Amicable Grant

A
  • many people refused to pay tax
  • in Suffolk a full-scale rebellion broke out with 10000 men gathering and expressing their loyalty to the king but told to be aware of their anger
  • tax was abandoned
  • Henry made peace with France
64
Q

Long term consequences of The Amicable Grant

A
  • Wolsey was humiliated and reputation badly damaged
  • Wolsey was unable to raise any further taxes
  • Henry began to doubt Wolsey’s judgement for the first time
  • The position of Wolsey’s enemies in the royal court was strengthened
  • The failure of The Amicable Grant demonstrated that there were limitations on the King’s power
65
Q

Wolsey’s aims abroad

A
  • To create better relationships with both France and the Habsburg Empire which would prevent England being diplomatically isolated and vulnerable
  • To play Europe’s to major powers off against each other to England’s advantage
  • Provide opportunities for Henry to gain military glory
  • Allow Henry to be seen as a major peacemaker
66
Q

Wolsey’s successes

A

1514 - The Battle of Spurs (gave victory to Henry)
1518 - The Treaty of London (promised universal peace)
1520 - The field of the Cloth of Gold (diplomatic meetings)

67
Q

Wolsey’s failures

A

1522-25 - Treaty of Bruges based on the ideas that Charles would help him seize French territory and the French throne. Charles gave Henry very little Military support
1525-29 - Alliance with France to fight Charles V failed because the French were again defeated by him and received little help from England, damaging Henry’s reputation
1529 - Francis I & Charles V negotiated a peace treaty (Treaty of Cambrai) notified Wolsey too late leaving Wolsey and Henry diplomatically isolated

68
Q

Wolsey’s fall from power

A
  • Amicable Grant
  • Annulment
  • Foreign Policy
  • The Boleynes
  • Wolsey’s reforms
69
Q

Opposition to Annulment

A
  • Catherine was popular
  • She has the support of Thomas Moore (adviser to King)
  • Had the support of John Fisher (Bishop of Rochester)
  • Cardinal Campeggio engaged in delaying tactics
  • She publicly begged the King not to cast her aside
70
Q

Cromwell’s personality

A
  • often seen as ruthless and unprincipled figure who was prepared to do the king’s dirty work
  • capable of great loyalty to friends
  • vibrant personality and could be witty, charming and persuasive when he wanted or needed to be
71
Q

Reasons from Cromwell’s rise to power

A
  • Loyalty
  • Ruthlessness
  • Efficiency
  • Wit and charm
72
Q

Cromwell and the King’s annulment

A
  • Cromwell realised Pope Clement was not willing to annul the marriage
  • He changed tactics arguing that the power to grant an annulment should be taken from the pope and given to Henry
  • Henry & Anne secretly married in January 1533
  • Parliament passed the act in restraint of appeals, Henry was now head of church
  • Divorce hearing began in May 1533
  • Anne crowned queen and gave birth to daughter Elizabeth in September 1533
73
Q

Cromwell’s responsibility after 1534

A
  • In charge of king’s personal seal
  • In charge of finances
  • In charge of Henry’s household
  • Influential role in law
  • In charge of the church
74
Q

Reasons for Anne Boleyn’s fall

A
  • By early 1534 Henry fell in love with Jane Seymour and saw her as his queen
  • Anne failed to provide Henry with a male heir
  • Anne had strong opinions about foreign policy & religion
  • Anne had many enemies
75
Q

Cromwell’s role in Anne’s fall

A
  • He was aware of Anne’s role in the downfall of Wolsey
  • They had differences of opinion on foreign policy
  • He built the case for adultery against Anne

GCSE History (5 decks)

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