Henry VIII Flashcards
Describe Herny VIII’s foreign policy with Spain
Convinced them to join Holy league, Ferdinand used Herny to invaded France in 1512 by getting him to invade so he could invade and capture Navarre, Spain and French peace treaty left Herny isolated and involved in Treaty of London
What was the Holy League?
Anti-french alliance between Europen powers
What was Treaty of London?
1518 pact initiated by Pope to present a united front across Europe
Describe Herny VIII’s foreign policy with Holy Roman Empire
Both members of Holy League, left isolated when signed separate treaty with France, part of Treaty of London, Treaty of Bruges negotiated in 1521, a failed embargo meant English economy struggled, Treaty of Cambrai left England isolated in 1529, constant inward fighting with France protected Henry, after break with Rome cut connections and marriage with Anne and alliance with Schmalkalden protect Herny after peace deal between France and Holy Roman Empire
Describe Herny VIII’s foreign policy with France
Councillors renewed Treaty of Staples in 1510 which Henry ruined by invading in 1523, Wolsey resecured pension in 1514 and a marriage alliance but this ended suspiciously, part of Treaty of London, field of cloth of gold in 1920 did little for Henry, in 1927 Henry is forced sign anti-aggression pact, in 1932 Henry made alliance with France against Emporer, after break with Rome cut connections and marriage with Anne and alliance with Schmalkalden protect Herny after peace deal between France and Holy Roman Empire
Describe Herny VIII’s foreign policy with Scotland
Members of Holy League, in 1513 Herny won battle of Flodden but couldn’t capitalise because it was too costly, pope sent envoy to convince to join crusade, Battle of Solway Moss in 1942 was a success, sought marriage between Edward and Mary but rejected and retailed by sending Hertford into Scotland
What was Henry and Anne Boylen’s relationship?
She played a clever game, made Herny wait and then became pregnant in order to force King’s hand to marry her and have legitimate children. Had a girl, Elizabeth. Many objected her as queen because she pushed Herny further protest. Cromwell and Anne’s relationship broke down and Cromwell was able to convince King of Anne’s flirtatious manner leading to convictions and beheading.
What was Henry and Jane’s relationship?
She was a lady in waiting for both previous queens, attacked King with demure personality. Gave Henry his only son, Edward but died during childbirth.
What were Henry’s early aims?
Marriage to Catherine of Aragon, re-establish nobility and pursue an aggressive foreign policy
What his later aims?
Recurring theme of pursuing glory and leaving a legacy on England
What was Henry and Anne of Cleaves’s relationship?
Protestant princess who didn’t suit Henry personality and faced political unwelcome, marriage was annulled after purpose served
What was Henry and Catherine Howard’s relationship?
Catholic lady in waiting, used as a pawn in Norfolk’s political game, in eagerness overlooked Catherine’s sexual experience and King had her executed upon hearing of accusations of affair with cousin
What was Henry and Katherine Parr’s relationship?
Protestant women, Norfolk tried to have her branded as a heretic but she successfully managed to overcome allegations, took care of Henry in final years and outlived him
Describe Act of Annexing First Fruits and Tenths
Heavy financial burden on clergy and strengthened supremacy
What was the stated of the relationship between England and Rome in 1534?
Smashed beyond repair
Describe Dissolution of Monasteries
1536 to 1542 dissolved monasteries and ensured vast amounts of land
How did Cromwell fall from favour?
Catalyst for Cromwell’s downfall was failure to manage marriages satisfactory, tried to reconcile by arranging a new marriage with Cleaves, annulment killed of Cromwell’s remaining credibility
What was court like for the remainder of Henry’s years?
Norfolk had niece in court to marry to King and after news of previous sexual relations King had here executed and Norfolk lost credibility. Edward Seymour rose to power and named protector of throne
What measure did Herny and Cromwell take in 1531 to put pressure on the pope?
Clergy accused of praemunire
What measure did Herny and Cromwell take in 1534 to put pressure on the pope?
Formal submission of clergy
Describe Act in Restraint of Appeals
Drafted on collectina in April 1533 and dictated Monarch passed imperial jurisdiction not subject to scrutiny from foreign powers
Describe Act of Supremacy
1534 act that gave legislative force to royal supremacy and broke with Rome
Describe Act of Succession
1534 act that made Catherine’s marriage void and future Queen’s children legitimate
Describe Treason Act
Could easily be committed, move to stop criticism of Anne
What was Henry and Catherine of Aragon’s relationship?
Spanish Princess, moved to England to marry Arthur originally but after death, Henry married her. Strong ruler who was married to King for 22 years but only had one daughter, Mary
When did Catherine and Henry get married?
11 June 1509
What was the King’s great matter?
Henry grew impatient with Catherine and fixated on Anne Boylen, sought divorce so that he could marry Anne, removed papal influence over England through acts to pressure the pope, eventually marriage became void in 1534
When did England separate from Rome?
1534
Describe Henry’s parliament
Called Parliament few times during reign and switch to key minister
Who was Wolsey?
Came from poor background but won scholarship to Oxford, Henry liked Wolsey and wanted him around so gave him responsibilities
What were Wolsey’s successes?
Star Chamber and Eltham Ordinance
What was the Star Chamber?
Courts after 1516 had to administer cheap and fair justice
What was Eltham Ordinance?
Cut spending and removed several members of privy chamber
What caused Wolsey downfall?
Failure to deliver in Kings Great matter ultimately led to downfall
What was Henry and Catherine of Aragon’s relationship?
Spanish Princess, moved to England to marry Arthur originally but after death, Henry married her. Strong ruler who was married to King for 22 years but only had one daughter, Mary
When did Catherine and Henry get married?
11 June 1509
What was the King’s great matter?
Henry grew impatient with Catherine and fixated on Anne Boylen, sought divorce so that he could marry Anne, removed papal influence over England through acts to pressure the pope, eventually marriage became void in 1534
When did England separate from Rome?
1534
Describe Henry’s parliament
Called Parliament few times during reign and switch to key minister
Who was Wolsey?
Came from poor background but won scholarship to Oxford, Henry liked Wolsey and wanted him around so gave him responsibilities
What were Wolsey’s successes?
Star Chamber and Eltham Ordinance
What was the Star Chamber?
Courts after 1516 had to administer cheap and fair justice
What was Eltham Ordinance?
Cut spending and removed several members of privy chamber
What caused Wolsey downfall?
Failure to deliver in Kings Great matter ultimately led to downfall
Explain how reign could be seen as prosperous
Population grew, agricultural prices rose, debasement of coinage
Explain how reign could be seen as a depression
Bad harvests, real wages declined, rural unemployment rose and homelessness increased
What was engrossing?
Joining together of two or more farms to make one unit
What was the effect of enclosure?
Made people
When was the commission that found people were engrossing illegally?
1517
What were the laws against from the commission in 1517?
Sheep ownership and engrossing but they had little effect
What was the effect of an increasing population?
Meant not enough food so prices rose and society become polarised
How did the rich view the poor situation?
It was there fault
What debasement of the coinage?
Putting less valuable metals into money
Why was London important for trade?
Main trade route to Antwerp, increased proportion of exported cloth
Which port affected by the increase in London trade?
Boston
Why was Southampton important for trade?
Enjoyed short-lived boom in middle of century
Why was West Riding, East Anglia and West County important for trade?
Saw greatest developments with Kersey
What was kersey?
New type of cloth that was cheaper to produce
What did the export figure for cloth drop to?
70%
What indicated that the rich were getting richer?
An increase in luxury goods
Although that cloth was another are of growth?
Mining industries and land mines
What happened with exploration during period
Henry wasn’t interested but Bristol traders continued the investigation in Iceland
Where did Cabot remain for reign?
Spain
What were the causes of the Lincolnshire Uprising?
Tension had been rising because of the work of government dissolving monasteries, collecting subsidies and enforcing religious law
What were the causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace?
New of Lincolnshire rising spread quickly and reaches Aske and sent letters across country calling for people to protect Holy Church
What were the events of the Lincolnshire Uprising?
Began on 1st October 1536 and moved across country before gather parallel to Horncastle rising, originally led by Melton control was taken by gentry, priest and monks - at least
What were the events of the Pilgrimage of Grace?
By 10th October 1536, had army of 30,000 who made HQ in Pontefract Castle, Aske provided discipline for pilgrimage
How would you describe the rebellions?
Most geographically widespread and popular rebellion
Who did the Lincolnshire rebellion collapse in the face of?
Suffolk
How did Norfolk disperse the rebels?
Went up and defused with issuing of pardon, restoration of monasteries and free parliament
Where was the renewed rebellion?
East Riding
How did Norfolk deal with East Riding?
Suppressed by hanging 74 rebels, offering rest pardon and bring leader for trial
Describe the nobility
Size of peerage increased during reign, bestowed property to enable them to exert royal authority, many nobles feel victim to Herny and were imprisoned and expected to offer hospitality to affinities
Describe the gentry
5000 families, knighthoods conferred as sign of favour, JP’sincreased and gentry were drawn in from unpaid admin
How did life change for commoners?
When inflation rose people became discontent
When did Wales come one with England?
1536
What did the Wales Act do?
Divided Wales into shires, gave direct representative in government and gave same legal framework
Where were the separate states?
Durham, Cheshire and Lancashire
What did the Act of Resuming Liberties do?
Reduced Durham’s bishops powers
What was the principality of Wales?
Land governed as part of principality, governed by Welsh council and marches
What was the advantage of principalities of Wales?
Offered cheap and easy access law
What were the issues with the Scotish border?
Cattle rustling and violence
How did he deal with Scottish border?
Split into three marches all under warden but filling post was difficult
What was the issue with the North?
Area posed problem with governance to a regime far way
What did Henry and Cromwell do about it?
Reestablished councils as permanent body
What 3 key changes were made to the Church?
King became Supreme Head of Church – confirmed by Act of Supremacy in 1534
King appoints Cromwell Vicegerent in Spirituals, 1534 – meant he was second only to the King, considered more powerful than archbishops. The post died with Cromwell
Six new dioceses (area under jurisdiction of bishop) created in an attempt to improve the church’s administration
What can the process of the dissolution be traced back to?
The compilation of the Valor Ecclesiasticus
What was the Valour Ecclesiasticus?
A survey set up by Cromwell in 1535 to discover exactly how wealthy the Church was. This gave Cromwell a broadly accurate indication of the resources which were available for the Crown to plunder.
What happened in the second stage?
Amassing the evidence which could be used to justify dissolving the monasteries. Accordingly, four ‘visitors’ were sent round the country to inspect all monastic institutions
What were the visotrs findings?
Found much to criticise though they had clearly been instructed to find evidence of weakness and corruption
When and what was the first Act to dissolve monastires?
Act of Parliament in 1536 to dissolve the smaller monasteries, defined as those with an income of under £200 per annum (year) or less.
Why did the scope widen?
After the Pilgrimage of Grace, as the heads of religious houses that had been implicated in the rebellion voluntarily surrendered to the crown. It was probably Cromwell’s intention all along to get rid of the monasteries once the softening-up processes had taken effect and in 1539 an Act dissolving the remaining monasteries was passed.
Whne was dissolution completed?
March 1540
What happened as a result of 1536 injuctions?
Encouraging more moral conduct, the 1536 injunctions placed a restriction on the number of holy days to be observed (the number of Saint Days was restricted to 25) and discouraged pilgrimages.
What happened as a result of 1538 injuctions?
Pilgrimages and veneration of relics and images were condemned as works devised by men’s fantasies
When was first edition?
First edition of the Great Bible appeared in 1539, complete with a title page showing Henry VIII graciously ‘offering’ the word of God on the one hand to Cranmer and his bishops and on the other to Cromwell and other politicians
What did the Act for Advancement of True Religion do?
Restricted the public reading of the Bible to upper-class males. Women and men of other classes had ‘increased in divers naughty and erroneous opinions and by occasion thereof (have) fallen into great division and dissension among themselves’.
What were the Ten Articles Doctrine?
1536 - Only three sacraments, baptism, penance and Eucharist, were seen as necessary for salvation (Lutheran) but the definition of Eucharist was ambiguous. Confession was praised (Catholic). Praying to saints for remission of sins was rejected (Lutheran) but praying to saints for other purposes was still deemed ‘laudable’ (worthy of praise.) This was an ambiguous document which showed both Lutheran and Catholic influences on the development of doctrine.
What was the Bishops’ Book Doctrine?
1537 - Restored the four sacraments omitted from the Ten Articles, but the four restored sacraments were given a lower status. This was therefore a more conservative document than the Ten Articles.
What were the Six Articles Doctrine?
1539 - This reasserted Catholic doctrine and brought a temporary end to the gradual process of introducing Protestant beliefs. Denial of transubstantiation was deemed heretical. This was a triumph for the conservatives. It was founded on the assumption that there had been too much religious controversy and that this undermined the good ordering of society. Two reforming bishops resigned their posts.
What was the Kings’ Book Doctrine
1543 - This revised the Bishop’s Book. The emphasis was largely conservative, but with some Lutheran hints.
When were the protestants mostly persecuted and their ideas attacked?
From 1540 until 1547
How was Parr an influencer?
Gave the Protestant movement renewed vigour. She maintained an interest in reforming ideas and encouraged education of Prince Edward and Princess Elizabeth by Protestant scholars like Richard Coxe and John Cheke.
What had happened by the time Henry died?
The Reformation had reached a stalemate. The preaching of Protestant ideas was suppressed, but the country remained entirely separated from the Pope’s control.
Where was there limited reform?
The Bible was still available in English and limited reforms against the worship of saints and other superstitious practices had survived.
What happened as a result of changes?
Henry had overthrown the Pope’s power in England, but relied on bishops who preached the Pope’s doctrine to maintain split.
What did many inconsistencies lead to?
Reformation had brought about the political consequences that he had desired, but had left English religion in an uneasy state
How could the Church be considered the same at the end of the period?
The hierarchy of the Church remained largely intact; there had been little attempt as yet to alter the interior of churches; and services remained largely traditional in form.
What was different?
Jurisdiction of pope destroyed
What was the big religious problem?
Henry had been largely accepted as head of the Church, but widespread acceptance of Protestant beliefs was much slower.
Who was the most significant Humanist Voice?
Colet and he refounded St Paul’s school
Why was St Paul’s school important?
It was forefront of educational changes and adopted platonist ideas
Why was Wolsey involved in education?
Committed to educational improvements and held humanist influence on universities
Who was Erasmus?
Key in influencing ideas but scope of influence was limited
Why did the situation change for Humanism?
Knowledge of classical learning increased among elite, growing number of schools became influenced by Humanism, Henry VIII saw himself as a promoter and crown needed well-educated individuals
What was More’s significant in Humanism?
Combined intellectual work with work as a lawyer and statesman
What was an example of visual culture?
Parent’s tomb
What were the main cultural links reflective of?
Trade link with lowlands
What were the offences associated with the church?
Pluralism, Simony and Non-Residency
What was anti-clericalism used for?
Cited as weaknesses and crown itself stirred passions
What happened as a result of religious houses being open to critism?
Wolsey secured some dissolutions to fund establishment of Cardinal’s College
Why was the there little movement towards Protestantism?
Martin Luther’s attack on Catholic church and survival of some Lollards beliefs
What happened from 1529?
Small group of Humanists used ideas based on Erasmus to shape royal policy
Why was Cranmer different?
Wasn’t a humanist but shaped policy
Which queen had a circle of humanist scholars?
Parr
