Henry VIII Flashcards

Question

Wolsey schemes that didn’t happen

Answer 1

1526 legal commissioners to every county

Answer 2

1517 Wolsey launched an enquiry into enclosure and concluded that is was a social evil and harmful to community creating unemployment but wol failed to see enclosure as a symptom of longer term economic change that was producing inflation. Enclosure seemed to be the greed of landowners so wol attacked them. 264 cases against enclose and 222 came to court as a result of legal proceedings. Made wol unpopular with land owners and nobs Had to drop it in 1523 parl

Answer 3

1518 - fixed poultry prices and price of other meats 1527 - bad harvest so got JPs to buy up surplus and hoard it in case of famine These measures helped to stop social unrest Sometimes failed to follow up on some initiatives - 1520 woolsey referred back to the local authorities in the case of some Buckinghamshire grain speculators as he didn’t have the time

Answer 4

1519 = buck wanted to be constable of eng - k refused One of bucks servants wore his livery in k household = challenge so brought in front of SC Wol found evidence of trappings of monarchy, badges, flags etc with coat or arms of ed confessor = saying Henry not rightful king Buck took an armed force with him to collect his rents from tenants as said he was having difficulty getting the money as they weren’t paying. Wolsey said it was an excuse for illegal retaining. Servant gave evidence buck prophesied Henry’s death = treason, so accused of treason. Court that condemned him was presided over by D of Norfolk not wol. So fall of buck due to Henry 1521 - buck executed

Answer 5

1526 - reform of royal household to cut back on finances - reduced number of gentleman of privacy chamber from 12 to 6 Made Henry Norris groom of stool and removed William Compton as enemy of wol

Answer 6

1518 Wolsey was worried about the influence of young nobles on the king so he infiltrated man Richard pace into minions to report back 1519 planned for royal court on the grounds to reduce costs - minions jobs away from the centre of power so still had role in government and replace them with own supporters. Henry the eighth missed them so may returned 1520 and given title of gentleman of privy chamber Tried to reduce power again and sent them abroad to lead the armies in 1522 and 23 = 3 pronged attack But again came back

Answer 7

Developed to provide the parliamentary taxation and extraordinary revenue. It replaced the old system of 15ths and 10ths tax made in 1300s based on property and had been fixed so did not increase with inflation so overtime yield became less Instead of using local commissars to assess taxpayers wealth, wol set up a national committee that he headed himself The subsidy was more realistic as was based on accurate valuation of taxpayers wealth, their property and their ability to pay . The amount paid was one shilling for every pound. Collected 4 times between 1513 - 23 made £300k 1513 -16 made £170K compared to £90k with 15ths and 10ths Resented by propertied classes as they had to pay the most

Answer 8

It was a force loan = benevolence of £250k from the nobles to pay for war in 1522 against France - opposition but paid. Went to war a year early.

Answer 9

1515 Act of resumption - took back former crown lands given out during the war of the roses and Henry the seventh. Never achieved level of H7 - £5000-£10000 Revoked some grant of land to nobs Royal income inadequate for war so Wolsey did some debasements

Answer 10

All spent so went to parl again to ask for money for 3 pronged attack. Asked for £800k / 4 shillings in £1 parl refused So kept them sittting over summer in sweating sickness so agreed to pay half in installments = £400k/ 2 shillings in £1 and drop anti-enclosure policy Wols last and only parl Reform was resented by propertied classes and led to amicable grant 1525

Answer 11

1525 - H8 wanted to invade Fr after B of Pavia 1525 - needed £ Parl haven’t finished paying last lost Decided to raise a tax. Parl wouldn’t agree to it so wol decided to bypass parl and collect directly from laity and clergy - causes rebellion in E Anglia and refused to pay Wol backtracked and may it a benevolence from those that could pay Result = rebellion in E Anglia and refusal to pay elsewhere and rebels won Wol had to take blame even though king had caused the discontent by planning an expensive war Amicable grant abandoned and leaders of rebellion pardoned

Answer 12

1521 worried about lack of male heir so allied with CV and wanted daughter Mary to marry CV 1527 - CofA 5yrs older than king and past childbearing age 1525 - fell in love with AB - Duke of norfolks niece 1528 - AB gave H8 tyndales book ‘obedience of the Christian man’ and H8 ‘book for me and all kings to read’ says king should be head of church so laid seed for royal sup

Answer 13

1525 Henry asked wol to secure a papal dispensation using Leviticus to preside pope clement VII that Julius II dispensation was invalid as in bible it says you shouldn’t marry your brothers wife so in gods eyes marriage was invalid and free to marry Anne

Answer 14

Wol as popes representative opened a special court to ‘try’ Henry for living in sin with his supposed wife which Henry readily accepted. CofA appealed to pope clement VII for help but reluctant to help as Catherine’s nephew CV was a threat and friendly against marriage and sacked Rome in 1527 and took pope as prisoner

Answer 15

March 1529 - July 1529 Court to hear case for a divorce with representations from Henrys lawyers. Campeggio ill arrived late - dec 1528 and under secret orders from pope to delay and get CofA into nunnery - she refused Hearing opened 15th June and camp adjourned in July to Rome without agreeing to annulment

Answer 16

Bill of particulars against him Oct 1529 - dismissed as LC and accused of praemunaire. Had to surrender all property to H8 and in exile to house in York - kept title of ArchB of York April 1530 - went to York Nov 4 1530 - arrested Nov 29th 1530 - died on the way to London at Leicester cathedral

Answer 17

Served in wols household until 1529 and his administrative efficiency gained the attentions of the king 1530 - member of PC 1532 - worked his way to inner council and became Henry’s willing servant on the issue of divorce 1533 -40 - Henry’s chief minister Vicegerent in spirituals Got BWR and divorce Did dissolution of mons 1535 -39 Managed ref parl on H8 behalf 1529 -36

Answer 18

1529-36 Opened after fall of wol Nov 1529 to solve Henrys great matter Cromwell reorganised H8s campaign in parl - got BWR V anticlerical and anti wol - get rid of benefit of clergy and pass bill of particulars against wol - traitor Wol dies Nov 1530 Ref parl makes H8 most powerful English monarch ever

Answer 19

1530 - Henry’s aim is casero papism (control of church and state). Instructs Cranmer, Edward foxe (theologians) and lawyer chisrtopher st German to find historical, legal and theological evidence for this. Came up with a collection of documents from bible, church history and legal history and put it together in a book called collectanae satis copiosa 1530. These documents justified the idea of royal sup

Answer 20

1531 to pressurise people so accused all clergy of praemunaire so they would agree to him being head of church Would drop charges if paid fine of £100K and acknowledged Henry as head of eng church Gave Henry title of ‘singular protector only and supreme lord and as far as the law of Christ allows even supreme head’ - church can say Christ doesn’t allow it so he is not supreme head Henry did this for both convocation of York and Canterbury. If pardoned meant withdrawal of charge of praemunaire confirmed by act of parl Feb 1531

Answer 21

1532 - conditional act in restraint of Annates - witheld payment of annate (1st yrs bishops income and 1/3 of annual income) - act conditional as would not be enforced if got divorce 1532 - supplication against the ordinaries - parl accused bishops of over-stating their power (corrupt should not have own laws and courts or b of clergy, H8 demanded convocation ( church parl) respond but rejected them and recalled ancient church right to it own independent canon law. H8 declared they had to agree as he had a right to govn the church under his accepted title. May 1532 - convocation agreed to submission 1532 - submission of clergy - all ecclesiastical laws were now subject to Ks approval. No new laws could be passed without royal lisecene, existing laws to be investigated by a royal committee. H8 has control of cannon law - wants control as divorce is cannon law. More resigned as lord chancellor as a result

Answer 22

1533 - AB pregnant so jan 1533 H8 and AB married in secret by Cranmer - ArchB of C march 1533 March 1533 - church convocation met and agreed marriage with C of A is unlawful May 1533 - said marriage with AB legal June 1st 1533 - AB crowned Q of Eng 7th Sept 1533 - eliz born = does not solve issue of succession

Answer 23

No appeals could be made to Rome against decisions of church courts in England meant Catherine could not appeal to Rome against her marriage annulment

Answer 24

Annulled Henrys marriage to Catherine and vested the succession in Anne’s children and to deny Henry’s new marriage was declared treason. Princess Mary illegitimate hopes for male heir rested with Anne.

Answer 25

King declared supreme head of the Church of England. Popes authority no longer recognised in England - BWR

Answer 26

Treason to threaten Henry or Anne in words, writing or deed. Treason to deny Henry as rightful king or call him usurper, heretic or tyrant. Sanctuary abolished. Used against opponents of royal supremacy and brought down Thomas more a courtier, scholar and lord chancellor 1530 -32 - executed 1535

Answer 27

Allows annates to be transferred from pope to king. Strengthens kings position and special court was set up to administer this

Answer 28

Ended payments of peters pence to Rome which the laity paid and instead went to crown. Dispensations now granted in eng by ArchB of Canterbury

Answer 29

Made submission of 1532 legal, the HVIII had legal control of church

Answer 30

Stopped payments of 1st years of preists income and the tithe (1/10 of priest income) each going pope now to king = £40,000 aimed at priests

Answer 31

Removed all papal authority in England and confirmed all the acts. Anyone defending the pope could lose their property

Answer 32

Dissolved the monasteries - confiscation of church land to crown vastly increased wealth and power of crown

Answer 33

1032 1092 - Magna Carta - H7

Answer 34

1532 - more requested it in 1558 it was seen as a right

Answer 35

Court of augmentations 1536 Court of first fruit an tenths 1540 Court of wards 1540 Court of general surveyors 1540 Court of duchy of Lancaster

Answer 36

1547 of £100k and H8 spent all money on FP

Answer 37

1st 1536 2nd 1543

Answer 38

1537 after PoG

Answer 39

1539 but was dissolved 1540 due to improved FP As dissolved western rebellion got out of hand 1549

Answer 40

1540 act of parl

Answer 41

1536 - to limit nobs power in these areas and limit areas rights eg B of durham, Neville’s, Percy’s and dacres

Answer 42

Jan 28th 1547

Answer 43

1525 in battle in Pavia

Answer 44

1541 -gentry and clergy plan to muder archbishop of York - president of C of N and take pontefract castle - failed. After this no problems in n of eng until eliz

Answer 45

Until 1540

Answer 46

1540 - Revived conciliar govn - different as PC had fixed membership supported by a secretary

Answer 47

Joint principal secretary 1540 Lord chancellor 1544

Answer 48

1542 Reformers won Norfolk was politically wounded

Answer 49

Cranmer accused of Hersey by conservatives as revenge for fall of Norfolk and Catherine Howard Was warned by Henry investigated himself and found not a heretic Henry played cons faction Refs won Gardener and suppoters Severly reprimanded Gardiner accused of sympathesing with nephew who was executed for denying royal sup - accused by Cranmer, Suffolk and Hertford want him in tower Gardiner warned and begs Henry for mercy and he pardons him Gardener wins by reformers in stronger position

Answer 50

France - Louis XII dies 1515, Francis I 1515-47 Scotland - James IV dies 1513, James V 1513 - 42 Spain - Ferdinand of Aragon dies 1516, Charles 1516-55 HRE - max dies 1519, Charles V 1519 - 55/6 Burgundy - duchy passed to Hasburgs 1477, commercially important areas of Netherlands and Belgium, CV is also D of Burgundy

Answer 51

1510 - renews treaty of etaples with fr 1511 - holy league of eng, sp, HRE and papacy against fr as pope needed to defend Papal States from fr invasion 1512 - joint Anglo-sp attack. Henry sent 10,000 soldiers to SW fr by Ferdinand of sp failed to support eng who suffered defeat at Gascony - eng troops, drunk , dysentery and die 1513 - Henry himself led a force of 30,000 to NE France (Calais) he won the ‘Battle of the Spurs’ and captured therouanne and tournai. Gives H8 military glory but not great battle as against a french observation force of 100 men. Henry went to fight by they ran away and Henry claims he won. Max agreed to help but wanted burgundy so uses Henry - therouanne and tournai are in old kingdom of burgundy so benefits max. They destroyed then rebuilt it = financial drain 1513 - JIV of Scot allied to FR invaded eng. he was defeated and killed at the battle of flodden field along with many Scot nobs. Left Scot throne in hand of infant James V with H8s sister Q Margaret as regent A possible further campaign in 1514 was abandoned when Ferdinand and max made peace with fr 1514 - Henry signs Anglo-French treaty of st Germain en laye- keep tournai (until 1519), got pension to stay away. Mary H8s younger sister married Louis XII of fr

Answer 52

FP = inconsistent King Louis XII died 1515 so Ferdinand king a personal and political rival to H8 Death of Ferdinand of sp 1516 disrupted balance of power as CV = k of sp and HRE 1519 1515 - Francis I defeated the Swiss at margano so gained control of most of N IT 1516 - T of Noyon between fr and sp 1517 - eng left out of league of cambrai = CV, Max and FR. eng is isolated - Scarisbrik ‘laughing stock of Europe’ 1518 - T of London - was a personal achievement of wol = arbiter. A non-aggression pact between Eng, Fr, Sp, HRE and Papacy - ruined when CV = HRE 1520 - field of cloth of gold reinforced positive relations between H8 and Francis 1521 - T of Bruges between eng and CV - negotiated by wol concerning for fr as encircled 1522 - eng armies invade N Fr but gained little, parl was reluctant to grant extraordinary revenue to support the campaign 1523 - 3 pronged attack - eng, CV and D of bourbon. Attack from 3 sides, Henry gets within 50 miles of Paris other two fail. Achieves nothing 1525 - CV wins B of Pavia against FR and captured Francis I. CV refused to do a joint invasion of N FR with H8 Henry wants to invade FR and needs money so wol puts forward ‘amicable grant’ met with refusal to pay and rebellion in east anglia and Suffolk - invasion doesn’t happen H8 changed tactics and supported league of cognac with FR and pope to counterbalance CV power in N Italy 1526 - T of Madrid - CV made Francis I sign a humiliating treaty, Francis I gets back to France and doesn’t honour it

Answer 53

1527 - treaty of Amiens - Henry allied with fr against CV 1527 - sack of Rome - pope is CV prisoner so under CV control - makes it complicated for H8 to get divorce 1529 - peace of cambrai - peace in Europe. Eng not involved isolated 1532 - Henry formed a further alliance with fr in an attempt to pressurise CV into supporting Henry’s marriage annulment - the tactic failed 1536 - death of CofA and AB which were two obstacles in way of alliance with CV 1538 - treaty of nice between CV and Francis followed by 1539 pact of Toledo when they each agreed to sever communications with eng. excommunication of H8 by pope Paul III - worried about sp/fr invasion 1539 - pope sends cardinal Beaton to Scot and cardinal pole to fr to rouse support of a cath crusade of eng against H8. Henry responded by marrying prot princess A of C seeking an Alliance with league of schmalkalden. However this became unnecessary when relations between Francis and CV broke down. Henry passed act of 6 articles to appease CV and pope

Answer 54

1542 - an invasion of Scot brought heavy defeat for Scot’s at battle of solway moss. Death of James V weakened Scot side but H8 fails to mount full scale invasion. Crown left to infant Mary Stuart at 6 days old with her mother Mary guise as regent 1543 - treaty of Greenwich - H8 son Ed betrothed to MQS. However as Scot’s refused to ratify treaty Henry begins the rough wooing to get Scot to agree to his demands and sends earl of Hertford to raid levin, Edinburgh and St Andrews - achieves little. Continues into reign of Ed 1544- Henry in alliance with CV so invades Fr in 1544 as head of large army and captures boulogne, CV made a seperate peace with Francis so eng on own 1545 - Francis I sends troops to Scot to support an invasion of eng. eng defeated at battle of ancrum moor but Scot’s failed to invade. Another fr force landed in Isle of Wight invasion failed but Henry’s flagship the Mary rose sank in the Solent. Fr failed to recapture Boulogne 1546 - treaty of camps with Fr as neither side could afford to continue fighting. Eng would keep boulogne for 8 years and would buy it back for £600,000 with annual pension of £35,000.

Answer 55

Eng in control of pale area of land surrounding Dublin ruled by Gerald Fitzgerald 9th earl of Kildare on H8s behalf. He was one of powerful Gaelic chiefs and an eng couture and servant of crown hard to sustain so relationship between him and king brokn Kildares dismissal 1534 led to major rebellion which was only suppressed with difficulty and great expense. The subsequent attempt to bring Irish govn more directly under eng control failed and Ireland became an increasing expense to the crown. An invasion of the pale by two Irish nobles, O’Neil and O’Donnell in 1539 was eventually controlled 1541 the govn tried to pacify Ireland by - est it as a separate kingdom under eng law, making counties out of Irish chieftains and granting Irish nobles peerage titles and same legal protection as eng counterparts However govn lacked resources to follow through with reforms, there was no residual Irish loyalty to eng crown and after 1536 the emerging religious differences between eng and Ireland complicated the situation.

Answer 56

1516 - Mary born heir presumptive 1532 - AB pregnant 1533 - marriage between C of A and H8 annulled. Eliz born 1534 - act of succession - Mary illegitimate and succession rests with Anne’s children. Elizabeth- heir presumptive 1536 - death of CofA and execution of AB Henry marries Jane Seymour 1536 sucession act - repeals 1534 act. Makes Elizabeth illegitimate and stated that in the absence of a male heir king could determine succession by will or letters patent. Would allow him to make illegitimate son d of richomand legitimate but he died 1536 1537 - ed born heir apparent 1544 succession act - repeals 1536 - reinstates Mary and eliz to succession and reaffirms that Henry could determine succession by will or letters patent Dec 1546 - Henrys will - confirmed succession arrangements of 1544. Stated that if ed,Mary and eliz all died with no children then heirs of Henry’s sister Mary Duchess of Suffolk should succeed. Set up a regency council to act on eds behalf.

Answer 57

Started 1526 More frequent 1540s Short term artificial boom 1544 - 46

Answer 58

1515 , 1517 commission and 1534 limiting sheep ownership and engrossing

Answer 59

1520 - 21 1527 - 29

Answer 60

Suffolk property in Lincolnshire after rebellion there in 1536

Answer 61

1536 after PoG

Answer 62

Wales, Shropshire, Herefordshire, worchestshire and glouschestire Based at Ludlow in Shropshire

Answer 63

1536 - Lancashire, Cheshire and Durham

Answer 64

Nearly 2/3

Answer 65

1525 1000 people on Essex - Suffolk border refused to pay D of Norfolk and Suffolk faced 4000 refusals so king had to back down esp unemployed cloth workers who found it impossible to pay the levy Wol sought pardons for rebels and leaders

Answer 66

1536 Oct - Lincolnshire rising began - PofG began in East Riding of Yorkshire led by Robert Aske - Lincolnshire rising ordered by d of Suffolk rebels - northern rebels captured pontefract castle - Rebels met D of Norfolk forces, Norfolk offered a pardon and Falsley promised that the dissolved monasteries would be restored and a free parl est Nov - east and west riding rebels dispersed Dec - royal proclamation offered a pardon to the rebels 1537 - jan/feb - rebellion in Cumberland and renewed rebellion in East Riding of Yorkshire suppressed by Norfolk. Martial law declared and 74 rebels hanged. Though after lenient treatment was given

Answer 67

4 times between 1509 - 1514 and continued to visit 1514 - 21

Answer 68

20 to fund foundation of cardinals college in oxford

Answer 69

1520 came to London and east coast

Answer 70

Cambridge met at white horse to discuss religion included Cranmer and Robert Barnes

Answer 71

1511 Due to ambition, greed, carnal and moral laxity and too many in church involved in matters of secular world so neglect matters of church

Answer 72

1534 - act of supremacy and Cromwell made vicegerent in spirituals Also six new dioceses created

Answer 73

1524 - 27 - closed 30 monasteries to pay for est of grammar school in Ipswich and cardinal college Oxford 1528 wol riske h8 anger and refused to appoint a woman of dubious virtue - friend of AB to post of Abbess of Wilton

Answer 74

1536 - prot made by Cranmer

Answer 75

1536 by Cromwell - orders to the clergy

Answer 76

1536 closed smaller houses that got 200 a year or less - 300 in category only 64 remained open

Answer 77

1537 - more conservative than 10 articles restored 4 sacraments but of lesser importance

Answer 78

1537 prot version

Answer 79

1538 eng bible in parish churches in next two years and removal of images and relics

Answer 80

1538 as he denied transubstantiation

Answer 81

1538 issued by pope Paul III

Answer 82

1539 chained to pulpit in all parish churches if don’t get it fines in 1541. Eng bible

Answer 83

1539 restores cath doctrine and transubstatiation law of land until H8 dies = national cath Punishment of burning if deny transubstantiation Shaxton and Latimer prot bishops resign in protest Articles included - can have communion in one kind, vows of Chasity observed and priests may not marry

Answer 84

1539 Dissolved all larger houses eg Glastonbury abbey

Answer 85

1543 cath version of bishops book - Henry behind it restores 7 sacraments

Answer 86

From 1540 when Cromwell executed

Answer 87

160K a yr and 1/3 of all propertied land so 3x royal income

Answer 88

1535 - investigators were Leigh and Leyton

Answer 89

1537 - voluntary surrender of houses by commissioners eg Lewes priory one of the biggest 1538 - 202 other large houses surrender 1539 second act of dissolution legitimised voluntary surrenders and closed any others 1540 - all religious houses dissolved

Answer 90

1535 - instructed jps to prevent begging in each village by supporting poor through charitable contributions

Answer 91

1542 - oxford, Chester, Gloucester, Bristol, Peterborough and Westminster

Answer 92

140,000 normal income 100,000