Henry VII Flashcards
Consolidating his power
1485 aug - back dated his reign to the 21st August the day before the Battle of Bosworth so anyone on yorkist side = traitor
Oct 1485 - coronation a week before 1st parl in nov so didn’t owe crown to parl sanction is own hereditary right
1486 Jan - married Elizabeth of York after consolidated power so didn’t owe throne to her
1486 sept - heir prince arthur born
1486 Lovell and Stafford rebellion
20th April royal force went to pontefract
Staffords sanction broken on 13th may be James savage
Humphrey Stafford executed 5th July younger brother pardoned
Lovell flees to flanders - Margaret of burgundy
1487 simnel and earl of Lincoln rebellion key dates
Simnel impersonating earl of Warwick
May 1487 simnel crowned king Edward in Ireland
June 1487 - Henry’s army defeats rebels and mercenaries at battle of stokefield - E of Lincoln killed and simnel put to work in kitchens
1491 - 99 warbeck key dates
1491 - Margaret of burgundy persuaded warbeck to impersonate Richard Duke of York
1492 - recognised as prince Richard IV by Charles VIII but H7 and C8 sign T of Etaples in Nov agreeing not to shelter rebels so warbeck has to leave
1493 - warbeck recognised in neths so H7 imposes trade sanctions
1492- fled to court of Margaret of burgundy was trained as a potential yorkist prince and began to draw English courtiers into his conspiracies
1494 - warbeck recognised by emperor Maximilian
1495 - Henry’s spies reveal sir William Stanley as a traitor - executed feb 1495
1495 - failed to land in eng so fled to court of JIV of Scot’s and was recognised by him
1496 - tries to invade eng with small Scot’s army but soon retired and JIV agrees to T of Ayton and agreed to marry Henry’s daughter Margaret
1497 - landed in Cornwall during rebellion but gets little support so surrenders and is thrown in prison
1498 - tries to escape so put in tower
1499 - executed with Warwick as believed to be involved in escape attempt
De la poles
Edmund lived in exile 1498 - 1506 under protection of Margaret of burgundy returned in 1506 and was imprisoned in tower and executed in 1513 by H8
Richard de la pole was exiled until his death fighting for France at battle of pavia 1525
Earl of Lincoln - died at battle of Stokefield
Kings council
1497 - lord president of the council created who oversaw council when king was busy
Great council met 5 times
1487 - stoke
1488 - war and taxes
1491 - warbeck
1496 - warbeck and Cornish rebellion
1502 - death of Arthur
Star chamber created
Introduced in 1487
Parliament
Called 7 times in 24yr reign -
- 1485 - laws of attainder, tonnage and poundage
-1487
-1489 - money
-1491 - money
-1495 - warbeck
-1497 - rebellion
- 1504 - death of Arthur and E of York
Jps laws
1495 - jps can replace a corrupt judge
1485 - jps power extended - can arrest people to stop rebellion
Ordinary revenue
Feudal dues - crown lands - beginning of reign £12k a yr 1492 changed to chamber system so by end of reign £42K
1504 - law says when son of nobleman knighted or eldest daughter marries have to pay fee to crown
1498 - statute of uses pass land on to child have to pay inheritance tax
Money from feudal dues - 1487 - £350 a yr - 1509 £6K a yr
Extraordinary revenue
Bonds and recognisances - 1493 gets £3K - 1505 gets £35K
Benevolances - 1491 gets £48K from nobs due to threat of war with fr
Money from foreign kings - £5k a yr from fr from 1492 T of Etaples and 1489 medina del campo Cof A dowry
Parl taxes cause rebellion - 1489 Yorkshire and 1497 Cornish
Church gave £25k gift to H7 1489
FP - Brittany and FR
1485 - fr negotiated a 1yr truce
1486 - Brittany negotiated a new trade treaty
1487 - fr invaded duchy of Brittany last independent area of fr as D of Brittany died with no male heir
1489 - Henry supports d of Brittanys daughter Anne though anxious not to antagonise the fr
Feb 1489 - treaty of Redon - duchess Anne paid for 6000 English troops to defend Brittany but Anne surrendered to fr and arranged she would Marry C8 of fr 1491
1492 - treaty of etaples - he had money from Parliament not spent on war and Charles the eighth was more interested in Italy so he invaded France with an army of 26,000 and landed in Boulogne . As a result, Charles 8 rapidly sought peace with Henry. The treaty of etaples signed by Charles the eighth agreed not to support any pretenders to the English throne such as Warbeck and paid a pension to Henry to compensate for expense of his army £5000 a year overall 745,000 crowns. Henry Removed all troops from France except Calais and agreed France could annex Brittany.
FP - Bur, HRE and Netherlands key dates
1493 - trade embargo against Bur as Margaret, Maximilian and Philip IV supported simnel and warbeck. Henry more concerned with dynastic security than commercial interests
1496 - intercursus Magnus - ended Trade embargo and Margaret recognised Henry’s position as king so could trade anywhere in burgundy except flanders
1503 - death of Margaret of burgundy
1506 - Philip and his wife Juana daughter of Isabella of Castle sp blown into English coast as set out for Spain after Isabella’s death in 1504. Henry the seventh entertainment for three months and negotiated 2 treaties.
- Treaty of Windsor - he recognise Phillips claim to castille and each promised to assist one another against rebels so Philip won’t support yorkists. Philip and max hand over yorkist earl of Suffolk.
- intercursus malus - trade treaty called evil by Dutch. It was very beneficial for England but was never enforced. It meant England didn’t have to pay burgundy trade taxes.
1507 - a third treaty to revert back to intercursus Magnus
1496 - holy league - HRE, papacy, sp and it states against Venice and fr - Henry in it but not actively involved so wont fight
1508 - Henry diplomatically isolate as left out of league of Cambrai - HRE, FR, Sp, papacy
FP - sp
1489 - medina del campo - marriage alliance CofA and Arthur - dowry
1501 - marry
1502 - Arthur dies so proposes new marriage between CofA and Henry but Ferdinand needs papal dispensation. 1503 treaty signed and plan marriage for 1506 Henry’s 15th birthday
1504 - Isabella of Castile dies - struggled between Ferdinand and juana - Henry supports juana
1506 - treaty of Windsor and intercursus Magnus
1506 - Philip arrives in castille wins then dies. So Ferdinand takes juanas inheritance and has control of castille. Henry left out of league of cambrai. Ferdinand delays Marraige of CofA and Henry until H7 dead - June 1509
FP - Scot
1485 - 95 - Anglo Scot relations tense
1495 -6 - James IV supports warbeck and provides him with small army to invade eng
1497 - Henry raises taxes for Scottish invasion causes Cornish rebellion
1497 - truce of ayton
1502 - peace of ayton
1503 - James IV marries H7 daughter Margaret as agreed in treaty
Ireland
Until 1494 - early of Kildare - lord deputy of Ireland
1494 - poynings
1495 - poynings law - Irish parliament needs approval of eng monarch to pass laws.
1495 - Kildare reinstated as too expensive and he is loyal to Henry
1500 - Henry established reasonable level of control
Securing succession and marriage alliances
1501 - CofA and Arthur
1502 - Arthur dead
1503 - agrees CofA marry Henry
1503 - James IV marries daughter Margaret
Mary marries older Louis XII of fr
1503 - E of Y died so Henry looks for new wife - unsuccessful
1506 - Philip and max hand Henry earl of Suffolk
1509 - Henry died April - fox and lady Margaret Beaufort manipulated succession to their advantage but empson and Dudley excluded so they are arrested
Population in 1500
2.3 mill
Gentry
1490 - 350 knights
1500 - 500 knights, 800 esquires and 5000 gentleman
Yorkshire rebellion 1489
Due to raising of parl taxation in 1489 for Brittany campaign and many felt already paid sufficiently for defence of realm
Henry issued pardons and appointed Surrey lieutenant of council of north. NL lands transferred to crown and doesn’t try raise taxes in Yorkshire or Northumberland area again
Cornish rebellion 1497
Caused by extraordinary revenue to finance campaign against Scot
Estimated 15000 and exploited by warbeck attempted
Battle of Blackheath - lord dauenby troops won and rebel leaders executed eg lord audley
Most rebels treated leniently
It made Henry make peace with Scot - ayton
Cloth
End of 15th century was 90% of English exports
Navigation acts
1485 and 89 - encourage English shipping by trying to ensure English ships could only carry certain products to and from English ports designed to boost English shipbuilding and challenge hanseactic league - limited success
Exploration
1492 - Columbus discovers America
1497 - Cabot discovers Newfoundland - new fisheries for Bristol merchants
1498 - Cabot goes again but lost at sea
1499/1500 - William Weston - expedition to new world - 1st Englishman
1508 - Cabot’s son Sebastian failed attempt to find north west passage to Asia
Depression in cloth industry
1493 -96 - widespread effects
How many monasteries and nunneries
800 monasteries and nunneries employing 12,000 monks and nuns
Monks = 1% of adult males
Lollards
Fiver burnt at stake in years 1511 -12 due to the burning of heretics being introduced to English law in 1401
Hunne case
1514 - questioned mortuary payments and murdered as seen as threat
William Caxton
Brought printing to England 1476 and printed medieval works and ‘modern’ versions of Erasmus
Education
50 new grammar schools in 1460 - 1509. Taught Latin until 1480s where humanist approach began
