Henry VIII Flashcards
how did henry VIII style himself
a fecund (fertile) prince who could secure the tudor dynasty
what were hviii’s overarching aims
- maintaining englands security and stability
- pursure glory and war against france (copying Henry V’s sucess)
- establish england as an important european power
- preserve tudor dynasty especially succession
what were hviii’s early aims
legitimate his authority, establish self a s king, distance himself from his fathers policies
what were HVII’s aims by the end of the 1520s
Divorce catherine of aragon and marry anne boleyn
this led to focusing on becoming rex imperator/ an imperial king.
By 1530 he aimed to rid england of papal authority
how did HVIII attack his father’s advisors and institutions
- arrested empson and dudley (HVII’s financial enforcers)
- shut down the council learned in law
when were the smaller monasteried dissolved.
when were the larger monasteries dissolved
by what year had they all gone?
1536 - smaller
1539 - larger
all gone by 1540
what was the valor ecclesiasticus in 1535
a census of the church’s wealth
according to the valor ecclesiasticus how much did monasteries hold
around 3 million£
when was the valor ecclesiasticus
1535
what did cromwell’s six agents produce on the monasteires
a mass of mainly fabricated or exxagerated evidence that they were corrupt.
what 3 reasons did cromwell have to dissolve the monasteries
- taking their wealth and land
- dealing with opposition to change
- giving more power to the corwn
how were cromwell and wolsey similar
cromwell worked under wolsey before taking his place
both were low born
what happened in 1535 which was a turning point in the speed of religious reforms
cromwell became vicegerent, making him the most powerful man in the church aside from the king
what was cromwells role in the reformation, name 5 things
- used parliament to confirm royal supremacy
- came up with accusations agianst church and monasteires
- dissolved monasteries
- bible in the vernacular
- constructed case against anne boeyln
what case in 1515 caused parliament to clash with wolsey
hunne case
what was the new extraordinary tax wolsey got parliament to approve in 1523
subsidy
what was a subsidy tax based on
income rather than wealth
which country did hviii attack in 1512 and who had they just allied with
King James IV of scotland had allied to France in 1512, In 1512 england attacked france.
in response to HVIII invading france, what did Scotland do in 1513
invaded england. Catherine of aragon sent troops commanded by the earl of surrey which led to a famous victory at flodden
what happened under catherine of aaragons command in 1513
the battle of flodden feidl, james IV of scotland and the core of the scottish nobility were killed.
who was a part of the holy league against france in 1512
spain, the holy roman empire and the papacy
who promised to join england attacking france in 1512 and what happened
spain, ferdinand of aragon (henrys father in law) they did not arrive as promised.
englands army suffered dysentery and drunkenness
how many troops did henry lead into france in 1513 and what happened
30,000
a minor victory “the battle of the spurs”
the english took the towns of tornai and therouanne
what did england and france do in 1514
made peace with the anglo- french treaty. This gave england tournai
the hre and spain had already done so
what happened in france in 1515
a new king took over , francis I, and he invaded northern italy and captured milan. this was a far greater victory than henry’s in 1513
what was the treaty of london and when did it take place.
1518 , wolsey designed a treaty signed by 24 european states. Each one signed an agreement with england, making HVIII the heart of the process
how long did henry’s status as a peacemaker last following the treaty of london
until 1522, for 4 years
whos reputation was enhanced by the battle of flodden
the english army
what did wolsey negotiate in 1526
Joining france, the pope, venice and florence in the league of congac against the hasburgs.
what clerical position did wolsey hold
papal legate
what did wolsey do to improve the cost effectiveness of monasteries
monasteries with fewer than six clergymen were closed
what did the eltham ordinances of 1526 seek to do
resturcture the privy chambers finances. they also minimised the influence of wolseys rivals
what legal position did wolsey hold and what did this mean
lord chancellor
it was his responsibility to oversee and improve the legal system
what was wolsey not despite his position as lord chancellor
a trained lawyer - historians criticise his limited reforms and argue he did not truly understand what was needed to improve the system
why did wolsey establish the amicable grant and did it succesd
it was a subsidy to increase funds for henry viii’s foreign policy.
it failed
what does the great matter refer to
HVIII’s dillemma as the pope refused to grant him a divorce
why did hviii claim his marriage to catherine of aragon should be anulled
she had been married to his brother first
what nulled henry viii’s argument for anullment
catherine insisted she had not consummated her relationship with arthur
what happened in 1532 to anne boelyn and what did this mean
she became pregnant
henry viii needed to marry her to legitimise the baby
who secretly married henry and anne boelyn
cranmer the archbishop
what was wolseys first failing in 1525
the amicable grant an attempt to fund henry viiis war in france. it resulted in rebellion and henry had to pull out of the war
who provided legal grounds for henry to anull his marriage
cromwell
when was the act of succession and what did it do for henrys marriage
1534
the english parliament granted henry a divorce through it
when was the act of ten articles and what did it do to the seven catholi sacraments
1536
it rejected four of them
what book was published in 1537 and what did it provide
bishops book
attacked abuses of catholic superstitions, but also restored the missing four sacraments the act of ten articles had rejected
when was the act of six articles and which religion did it favour/ what did it confirm
1539 , it favoured catholicism.
it confirmed key beleifs including confession and transubstantiation.
it banned protestant beleifs eg. married clergy.
in what year did cromwell send out visitations to find evidence against monks and nuns
1535
when was the first act of annates And what did it do
1532
suspended payments to rome from the clergy
when was the act in restraint of appeals and what did it do
1533
no appeals could be made to the pope / rome
the king was the head of the church
when was the act of succession and what did it do
1534
annulled hviii and catherine marriage
disinherited princess mary
became treason to deny hviii and annes marriage
when was the act of supremacy and what did it do
1534
henry was the supremw head of the church of england
all clergy had to swear an oath to it
what did the treason act do
it became treasonable to call the king/ queen a heretic / deny the royal supremacy.
cromwell relied on what to pass necessary legislation for henrician reforms
parliament
which faction was thomas cranmer a part of
protestant
the articles of faith show that cromwell pushed for what
doctrinal reform
when did Henry VIII die
1547
What was, arguably, the most noticeable change in the Church to an ordinary layman?
vernacular scripture
What Were Henry VIII’s religious views
conservative
name two individuals who were executed for refusing the oath of supremacy
Thomas More
John Fisher
how much did the laity (non clergy) experience change during the reform period
not much.
which period in the 1530s saw a lot of reforms which Henry VIII then had a conservative backlash to
1535 - 1538
what shows henry viis conservative backlash in 1539
the tone of the act of six articles
when was the pilgrimage of grace
1536
when was the northern rebellion
1559
which areas of england remained resistant to or untouched by protestant influences
North and west
which parts of society were affected by the dissolution of monasteries
all of it
what had monasteries often provided to children who could not afford it
education , care for the sick.
what were the religious reasons for the pilgrimage of grace
supression of monasteries
who led the pilgrimage of grace and how many took part
robert aske
40,000
what were the economic reasons for the pilgrimage of grace
there had been an extreme expansion in tax
what did rebels in the pilgrimage of grace demand, there are 6 things here
ending the statute of uses, a property law
pricess mary to be restored to the succession
dismissal of cromwell
stopping enclosure
elections
catholic church rights to be restored
how many monks and nuns were impacted by the dissolution of monasteries
thousands
what did cromwell change the royal council into
the privy council , smaller and more professional
when did thomas cromwell emerge as henry viii’s new cheif minister
1532
which two events happened on the same day in 1540
cromwell was executed
henry viii and catherine howard married
who led the conservative faction in the 1540s and name some key figures
The Duke of Norfolk
Stephen Gardiner, thomas wriothsley
which marriage did cromwell arrange that embarrassed henry
Anne of Cleves
Who led the reformist faction in the 1540s and who were some key figures
Edward Seymour and Archbishop cranmer
Thomas seymour, Catherine Parr
what changes did the conservative faction accept but what did they oppose
accepted the break with rome, but opposed the rise of new men such as cromwell, and protestantism.
when did catherine parr marry henry viii
1543
which faction was catherine parr a part of
protestant / reformist
which clergyman did the conservative faction try to frame in 1543 and what did henry do
Cranme
Henry VIII rejected the accusations and put cranmer in charge of investigating them.
Which noble did conservatives also plot against in 1543 and what did Henry do
Catherine parrr
he alerted her and supported her
Why did the seymours (wqho were prostestants) have a strong position
- one had led english forces to victory against scotland
- two were prince edward’s uncles
Which two protestants did henry viii stand by in the 1540s
catherine parr and cranmer
which faction had control of the dry stamp in 1546
protestant/ reformists
who made head of privy chamber and spent much time with henry as his health declined - and what faction was he
Sir Anthony denny
he was a protestant/ reformist
which conflict dominated the 1530s
henry viii’s conflict with the papacy
which treaty was signed in 1538 and what did it mean for england
treaty of nice
it declared a truce between Fancis I of france and Charles V, holy roman emperor.
this meant england was more likely to be threatened as france and the HRE were no longer at war.
why did henry feel secure even when divorcing anne of cleves?
Threat against england was diminishing , a protestant alliance was not so necessary.
which country did James V of scotland pursue closer relations with 1538 - 1541
France
In what year did the english invade and defeat the scots at solway moss
1541
which battle did James V of scotland die during and who was left to rule scotland
1541 solway moss
His baby daughter, mary
what did henry propose in 1543 at the treaty of greenwich and what did this lead to
that queen mary and his son edward marry.
This treaty then collapsed, leading to war. Scotland turned to france for help .
when was the “rough wooing” and what was it
from 1544-1545 , a series of english raids on the scottish borders.
this was due to the scottish refusing to marry queen mary with hvii’s son edward.
who were the hasburgs
a family who established a major empire + dynasty through europe.
They held the title of HRE from 1438 for centuries.
which two titles did Charles V hold and which group did he lead against france
Holy roman emperor
King of spain
the hasburgs
who did france ally with in 1542 and who did this lead henry to ally with
france allied with the ottoman turks against the hasburgs
therefore henry allied with the hasburgs against the french
what happened to henry in 1544
he went to france with 48,000 men and took bolougne
meanwhile france and the hasburgs / charles V , made peace.
France then threatened to invade england but their attempt failed as english coast defences were reinforced.
sum up the outcomes of HVIII’s foreign policy post 1538
- scotland left feeling alienated by the rough wooing
- prevented france and scotland joining against him
- acheived glory in france with boulogne
- this as well as the war w scotland cost £2 million. sold off monastic land, debased coinage and borrowed.
- this led to inflation and financial problems for his kids
when was the treaty of Nice and what did it do
1538
a ten year truce between Francis I of france and Charles V, holy roman emperor.
This was notable as the true rulers hated one another so much they refused to sit in a room together.
what did the earl of kildare rebel against and who did he align himself with
The royal supremacy
aligned himself w the pope and the hasburgs/ holy roman emperor
what happened as a result of the earl of kildares rebellion against the royal supremacy
The rebellion was brutally surpressed
the fitzgeralds lost their position as lord deputies of ireland
what did henry viii do to ireland in 1540
name 4 things
- declared a new kingdom of ireland under an english govener
- all land surrendered to the crown, to be returned once the owners swore loyalty.
- english common law extended into ireland
- some irish lords could attend parliament in return
how significant were HVIII’s late policies in ireland
- there was little firm english control beyond dublin
- began the move away from irelands traditional clan- based structure to a more centralised monarchy
- the irish stuck with the pope/ catholicism
