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tudors > Henry VIII > Flashcards

Henry VIII Flashcards

1
Q

how did henry VIII style himself

A

a fecund (fertile) prince who could secure the tudor dynasty

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2
Q

what were hviii’s overarching aims

A
  • maintaining englands security and stability
  • pursure glory and war against france (copying Henry V’s sucess)
  • establish england as an important european power
  • preserve tudor dynasty especially succession
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3
Q

what were hviii’s early aims

A

legitimate his authority, establish self a s king, distance himself from his fathers policies

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4
Q

what were HVII’s aims by the end of the 1520s

A

Divorce catherine of aragon and marry anne boleyn
this led to focusing on becoming rex imperator/ an imperial king.

By 1530 he aimed to rid england of papal authority

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5
Q

how did HVIII attack his father’s advisors and institutions

A
  • arrested empson and dudley (HVII’s financial enforcers)
  • shut down the council learned in law
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6
Q

when were the smaller monasteried dissolved.

when were the larger monasteries dissolved

by what year had they all gone?

A

1536 - smaller
1539 - larger
all gone by 1540

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7
Q

what was the valor ecclesiasticus in 1535

A

a census of the church’s wealth

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8
Q

according to the valor ecclesiasticus how much did monasteries hold

A

around 3 million£

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9
Q

when was the valor ecclesiasticus

A

1535

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10
Q

what did cromwell’s six agents produce on the monasteires

A

a mass of mainly fabricated or exxagerated evidence that they were corrupt.

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11
Q

what 3 reasons did cromwell have to dissolve the monasteries

A
  • taking their wealth and land
  • dealing with opposition to change
  • giving more power to the corwn
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12
Q

how were cromwell and wolsey similar

A

cromwell worked under wolsey before taking his place

both were low born

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13
Q

what happened in 1535 which was a turning point in the speed of religious reforms

A

cromwell became vicegerent, making him the most powerful man in the church aside from the king

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14
Q

what was cromwells role in the reformation, name 5 things

A
  • used parliament to confirm royal supremacy
  • came up with accusations agianst church and monasteires
  • dissolved monasteries
  • bible in the vernacular
  • constructed case against anne boeyln
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15
Q

what case in 1515 caused parliament to clash with wolsey

A

hunne case

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16
Q

what was the new extraordinary tax wolsey got parliament to approve in 1523

A

subsidy

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17
Q

what was a subsidy tax based on

A

income rather than wealth

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18
Q

which country did hviii attack in 1512 and who had they just allied with

A

King James IV of scotland had allied to France in 1512, In 1512 england attacked france.

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19
Q

in response to HVIII invading france, what did Scotland do in 1513

A

invaded england. Catherine of aragon sent troops commanded by the earl of surrey which led to a famous victory at flodden

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20
Q

what happened under catherine of aaragons command in 1513

A

the battle of flodden feidl, james IV of scotland and the core of the scottish nobility were killed.

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21
Q

who was a part of the holy league against france in 1512

A

spain, the holy roman empire and the papacy

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22
Q

who promised to join england attacking france in 1512 and what happened

A

spain, ferdinand of aragon (henrys father in law) they did not arrive as promised.

englands army suffered dysentery and drunkenness

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23
Q

how many troops did henry lead into france in 1513 and what happened

A

30,000

a minor victory “the battle of the spurs”
the english took the towns of tornai and therouanne

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24
Q

what did england and france do in 1514

A

made peace with the anglo- french treaty. This gave england tournai

the hre and spain had already done so

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25
Q

what happened in france in 1515

A

a new king took over , francis I, and he invaded northern italy and captured milan. this was a far greater victory than henry’s in 1513

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26
Q

what was the treaty of london and when did it take place.

A

1518 , wolsey designed a treaty signed by 24 european states. Each one signed an agreement with england, making HVIII the heart of the process

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27
Q

how long did henry’s status as a peacemaker last following the treaty of london

A

until 1522, for 4 years

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28
Q

whos reputation was enhanced by the battle of flodden

A

the english army

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29
Q

what did wolsey negotiate in 1526

A

Joining france, the pope, venice and florence in the league of congac against the hasburgs.

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30
Q

what clerical position did wolsey hold

A

papal legate

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31
Q

what did wolsey do to improve the cost effectiveness of monasteries

A

monasteries with fewer than six clergymen were closed

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32
Q

what did the eltham ordinances of 1526 seek to do

A

resturcture the privy chambers finances. they also minimised the influence of wolseys rivals

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33
Q

what legal position did wolsey hold and what did this mean

A

lord chancellor

it was his responsibility to oversee and improve the legal system

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34
Q

what was wolsey not despite his position as lord chancellor

A

a trained lawyer - historians criticise his limited reforms and argue he did not truly understand what was needed to improve the system

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35
Q

why did wolsey establish the amicable grant and did it succesd

A

it was a subsidy to increase funds for henry viii’s foreign policy.
it failed

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36
Q

what does the great matter refer to

A

HVIII’s dillemma as the pope refused to grant him a divorce

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37
Q

why did hviii claim his marriage to catherine of aragon should be anulled

A

she had been married to his brother first

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38
Q

what nulled henry viii’s argument for anullment

A

catherine insisted she had not consummated her relationship with arthur

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39
Q

what happened in 1532 to anne boelyn and what did this mean

A

she became pregnant

henry viii needed to marry her to legitimise the baby

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40
Q

who secretly married henry and anne boelyn

A

cranmer the archbishop

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41
Q

what was wolseys first failing in 1525

A

the amicable grant an attempt to fund henry viiis war in france. it resulted in rebellion and henry had to pull out of the war

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42
Q

who provided legal grounds for henry to anull his marriage

A

cromwell

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43
Q

when was the act of succession and what did it do for henrys marriage

A

1534

the english parliament granted henry a divorce through it

44
Q

when was the act of ten articles and what did it do to the seven catholi sacraments

A

1536

it rejected four of them

45
Q

what book was published in 1537 and what did it provide

A

bishops book

attacked abuses of catholic superstitions, but also restored the missing four sacraments the act of ten articles had rejected

46
Q

when was the act of six articles and which religion did it favour/ what did it confirm

A

1539 , it favoured catholicism.

it confirmed key beleifs including confession and transubstantiation.

it banned protestant beleifs eg. married clergy.

47
Q

in what year did cromwell send out visitations to find evidence against monks and nuns

A

1535

48
Q

when was the first act of annates And what did it do

A

1532

suspended payments to rome from the clergy

49
Q

when was the act in restraint of appeals and what did it do

A

1533

no appeals could be made to the pope / rome

the king was the head of the church

50
Q

when was the act of succession and what did it do

A

1534

annulled hviii and catherine marriage

disinherited princess mary

became treason to deny hviii and annes marriage

51
Q

when was the act of supremacy and what did it do

A

1534

henry was the supremw head of the church of england

all clergy had to swear an oath to it

52
Q

what did the treason act do

A

it became treasonable to call the king/ queen a heretic / deny the royal supremacy.

53
Q

cromwell relied on what to pass necessary legislation for henrician reforms

A

parliament

54
Q

which faction was thomas cranmer a part of

A

protestant

55
Q

the articles of faith show that cromwell pushed for what

A

doctrinal reform

56
Q

when did Henry VIII die

A

1547

57
Q

What was, arguably, the most noticeable change in the Church to an ordinary layman?

A

vernacular scripture

58
Q

What Were Henry VIII’s religious views

A

conservative

59
Q

name two individuals who were executed for refusing the oath of supremacy

A

Thomas More

John Fisher

60
Q

how much did the laity (non clergy) experience change during the reform period

A

not much.

61
Q

which period in the 1530s saw a lot of reforms which Henry VIII then had a conservative backlash to

A

1535 - 1538

62
Q

what shows henry viis conservative backlash in 1539

A

the tone of the act of six articles

63
Q

when was the pilgrimage of grace

A

1536

64
Q

when was the northern rebellion

A

1559

65
Q

which areas of england remained resistant to or untouched by protestant influences

A

North and west

66
Q

which parts of society were affected by the dissolution of monasteries

A

all of it

67
Q

what had monasteries often provided to children who could not afford it

A

education , care for the sick.

68
Q

what were the religious reasons for the pilgrimage of grace

A

supression of monasteries

69
Q

who led the pilgrimage of grace and how many took part

A

robert aske

40,000

70
Q

what were the economic reasons for the pilgrimage of grace

A

there had been an extreme expansion in tax

71
Q

what did rebels in the pilgrimage of grace demand, there are 6 things here

A

ending the statute of uses, a property law

pricess mary to be restored to the succession

dismissal of cromwell

stopping enclosure

elections

catholic church rights to be restored

72
Q

how many monks and nuns were impacted by the dissolution of monasteries

A

thousands

73
Q

what did cromwell change the royal council into

A

the privy council , smaller and more professional

74
Q

when did thomas cromwell emerge as henry viii’s new cheif minister

A

1532

75
Q

which two events happened on the same day in 1540

A

cromwell was executed

henry viii and catherine howard married

76
Q

who led the conservative faction in the 1540s and name some key figures

A

The Duke of Norfolk

Stephen Gardiner, thomas wriothsley

76
Q

which marriage did cromwell arrange that embarrassed henry

A

Anne of Cleves

77
Q

Who led the reformist faction in the 1540s and who were some key figures

A

Edward Seymour and Archbishop cranmer

Thomas seymour, Catherine Parr

78
Q

what changes did the conservative faction accept but what did they oppose

A

accepted the break with rome, but opposed the rise of new men such as cromwell, and protestantism.

79
Q

when did catherine parr marry henry viii

A

1543

80
Q

which faction was catherine parr a part of

A

protestant / reformist

81
Q

which clergyman did the conservative faction try to frame in 1543 and what did henry do

A

Cranme

Henry VIII rejected the accusations and put cranmer in charge of investigating them.

82
Q

Which noble did conservatives also plot against in 1543 and what did Henry do

A

Catherine parrr

he alerted her and supported her

83
Q

Why did the seymours (wqho were prostestants) have a strong position

A
  • one had led english forces to victory against scotland
  • two were prince edward’s uncles
84
Q

Which two protestants did henry viii stand by in the 1540s

A

catherine parr and cranmer

85
Q

which faction had control of the dry stamp in 1546

A

protestant/ reformists

86
Q

who made head of privy chamber and spent much time with henry as his health declined - and what faction was he

A

Sir Anthony denny

he was a protestant/ reformist

87
Q

which conflict dominated the 1530s

A

henry viii’s conflict with the papacy

88
Q

which treaty was signed in 1538 and what did it mean for england

A

treaty of nice
it declared a truce between Fancis I of france and Charles V, holy roman emperor.

this meant england was more likely to be threatened as france and the HRE were no longer at war.

89
Q

why did henry feel secure even when divorcing anne of cleves?

A

Threat against england was diminishing , a protestant alliance was not so necessary.

90
Q

which country did James V of scotland pursue closer relations with 1538 - 1541

A

France

91
Q

In what year did the english invade and defeat the scots at solway moss

A

1541

92
Q

which battle did James V of scotland die during and who was left to rule scotland

A

1541 solway moss

His baby daughter, mary

93
Q

what did henry propose in 1543 at the treaty of greenwich and what did this lead to

A

that queen mary and his son edward marry.

This treaty then collapsed, leading to war. Scotland turned to france for help .

94
Q

when was the “rough wooing” and what was it

A

from 1544-1545 , a series of english raids on the scottish borders.

this was due to the scottish refusing to marry queen mary with hvii’s son edward.

95
Q

who were the hasburgs

A

a family who established a major empire + dynasty through europe.

They held the title of HRE from 1438 for centuries.

96
Q

which two titles did Charles V hold and which group did he lead against france

A

Holy roman emperor
King of spain

the hasburgs

97
Q

who did france ally with in 1542 and who did this lead henry to ally with

A

france allied with the ottoman turks against the hasburgs

therefore henry allied with the hasburgs against the french

98
Q

what happened to henry in 1544

A

he went to france with 48,000 men and took bolougne

meanwhile france and the hasburgs / charles V , made peace.

France then threatened to invade england but their attempt failed as english coast defences were reinforced.

99
Q

sum up the outcomes of HVIII’s foreign policy post 1538

A
  • scotland left feeling alienated by the rough wooing
  • prevented france and scotland joining against him
  • acheived glory in france with boulogne
  • this as well as the war w scotland cost £2 million. sold off monastic land, debased coinage and borrowed.
  • this led to inflation and financial problems for his kids
100
Q

when was the treaty of Nice and what did it do

A

1538

a ten year truce between Francis I of france and Charles V, holy roman emperor.

This was notable as the true rulers hated one another so much they refused to sit in a room together.

101
Q

what did the earl of kildare rebel against and who did he align himself with

A

The royal supremacy

aligned himself w the pope and the hasburgs/ holy roman emperor

102
Q

what happened as a result of the earl of kildares rebellion against the royal supremacy

A

The rebellion was brutally surpressed

the fitzgeralds lost their position as lord deputies of ireland

103
Q

what did henry viii do to ireland in 1540

name 4 things

A
  • declared a new kingdom of ireland under an english govener
  • all land surrendered to the crown, to be returned once the owners swore loyalty.
  • english common law extended into ireland
  • some irish lords could attend parliament in return
104
Q

how significant were HVIII’s late policies in ireland

A
  • there was little firm english control beyond dublin
  • began the move away from irelands traditional clan- based structure to a more centralised monarchy
  • the irish stuck with the pope/ catholicism
105
Q
A

tudors (4 decks)

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