Henry VIII

Question 1

What were HVIII’s aims?

Answer 1

Dismantle unpopular aspects of his father’s reign (e.g ridding of Empson & Dudley)
Re-establishing role of nobility

Question 2

What were HVIII’s foreign policy aims?

Answer 2

Establish himself as ‘warrior king’ through success in battle (like Henry V or Arthur)
Later moved to a peaceful FP but returned to war-like by the end of reign

Question 3

What was HVII’s legacy?

4

Answer 3

A secure dynasty, peaceful FP, large sum of money and a conciliar form of gov

Question 4

How did HVIII dismantle his father’s legacy?

Answer 4

Being a warrior king/war with France and spending money, using ministers rather than conciliar

Question 5

How many times was Parliament called in HVIII’s reign?

Answer 5

9 times (mostly in second half of reign under Cromwell)

Question 6

Time frame/types of government

Answer 6

1509-1515 conciliar
1515-1529 Wolsey
1529-1532 conciliar
1532-1540 Cromwell
1540-1547 conciliar

Question 7

What can HVIII’s approach to government be described as?

Answer 7

Hands-off approach / delegates to ministers

Question 8

What was the Court of Chancery?

Answer 8

When Wolsey became Lord Chancellor, he oversaw this
It became a popular method for seeking justice but too many cases were brought in
Dealt with enclosure, land left in wills…

Question 9

What was the Court of Star Chamber?

Answer 9

Established in 1487 but not used much
Wolsey extended its use to increase cheap and fair justice in 1516
Proved too successful and forced to set up ‘overflow tribunals’ to deal with pressures of business

Question 10

What was the Privy Chamber?

Answer 10

Only part of gov that was out of Wolsey’s control
King’s minions were distrusting of him so, in 1519, he secured their removal and replaced with his own supporters, however, most recovered their positions

Question 11

What was the Tudor subsidy?

Answer 11

Established national committee to assess taxpayers wealth and raise extraordinary revenue for conflicts based on it
Wasn’t enough so Wolsey introduced Amicable Grant in 1525 - led to widespread resistance/almost rebellion

Question 12

What were the Eltham Ordinances?

Answer 12

Reform finances in the Privy Council in 1526
Reduced no. of ppl in Privy Chamber
Gwyn argues it was financially motivated, Starkey argues Wolsey feared losing influence over king after unpopular Amicable Grant

Question 13

What was the King’s Great Matter?

Answer 13

HVIII’s need to secure the annulment to CA
She was unable to produce male heir, HVIII falls in love with AB and wants divorce by 1527
Pope was under control of HRE Charles V who was CA nephew

Question 14

How did HVIII argue for a divorce?

Answer 14

Leviticus prohibits a man lying with his dead brother’s wife and argued that marriage to CA was illegitimate due to this
CA claimed her marriage to Arthur was never consummated so ban didn’t apply

Question 15

How did Wolsey fall from power?

Answer 15

Attempted to make judgement on legitimacy of marriage himself as papal legate
Pope send Cardinal Campeggio to hear the case, became clear that Wolsey failed to secure the annulment
1529 - accused of Praemunire (Papal legate acting by will of pope, not king)
Tried in 1530, died before execution

Question 16

What and when was the Reformation Parliament?

Answer 16

1529-36
Initial reasons was to deal with Wolsey, later to deal with divorce and church

Question 17

How was the divorce accomplished?

Answer 17

Through statute law over canon law

Question 18

What was Collectanea Satis Copiosa?

Answer 18

Historical documents compiled by Cranmer and Foxe to justify the king’s divorce

Question 19

Who replaced the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Warham, after his death in 1532?

Answer 19

Cranmer, leader of Reformation

Question 20

What were the acts of Parliament which achieved the Break from Rome?

Answer 20

1533 Act of Restraints of Appeals - denied people to appease decisions against the pope - meant that CA couldn’t appeal to Rome against annulment
1534 Act of Succession - declared marriage to CA as void, succession would follow AB’s children
1534 Act of Supremacy - formally acknowledged HVIII as Head of CofE

Question 21

How did Cromwell fall from power?

Answer 21

Had declining influence by 1540
Tried to reconcile HVIII after death of JS with League of Schmalkalden by marriage to AC
Bad match, quickly annulled, destroyed Cromwell’s credibility
Was accused of treason and heresy
Executed in 1540

Question 22

What does Elton’s theory say about Cromwell?

Answer 22

There was a “Revolution in government”
More bureaucratic
Made specialised departments to deal with different issues

Question 23

What was HVIII’s foreign policy between 1509-1514?

Answer 23

Holy League (E, S, HRE, papacy against France)
1513 Battle of the Spurs against F - captured Therouanne and Tournai (Elton = ‘futile sideshow’)
1513 Battle of Flodden against Scotland (James IV killed but HVIII gained nothing)
1514 Wolsey secure marriage of Mary to Louis XII

Question 24

What was HVIII’s foreign policy between 1514-1526?

Answer 24

E relatively minor power against F and S (third fiddle?)
Auld alliance strong
1514 - no money so sort peace with F through marriage alliance
1517 Treaty of Cambrai between HRE and F left E isolated
1518 Treaty of London - general European peace
1520 Field of the Cloth of Gold near Calais, display of wealth, doesn’t achieve much
E invaded F in 1522

Question 25

What was HVIII’s foreign policy between 1527-40?

Answer 25

1527 Treaty of Amiens - alliance with French
1529 Battle of Landriano - Charles V victory over F
Treaty of Cambrai - F & HRE

Question 26

What was HVIII’s foreign policy between 1540-47 to Scotland?

Answer 26

Returned to more aggressive FP, attacking S and F
1542 Invasion of S where they were heavily defeated at the Battle of Solway Moss
James V dies, leaving 1-week-old MQS
HVIII’s main interest was F, however, so agreed to Treaty of Greenwich in 1543 where Edward was betrothed to MQS but Scottish Parl refused to ratify treaty

Question 27

What was HVIII’s foreign policy between 1540-47 to France?

Answer 27

1544 - HVIII led army to F and captured Boulogne
Failures:
1545 - Francis I sent troops to S for possible invasion of E
E was defeated at Battle of Ancrum Moor
Mary Rose ship sank

Successes:
F failed to recapture Boulogne
Invasion of E never materialised
Peace agreed

Question 28

How did HVIII fund wars?

Answer 28

Borrowing large sums of money and debasing coinage which led to increased rate of inflation

Question 29

What were the Captain Poverty risings?

Answer 29

Started in Lincolnshire, spread to Yorkshire, rebels were hostile to gentry due to strength of their grievances against landlords, wrote letters signed by ‘Captain Poverty’

Question 30

Who was the leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Answer 30

Robert Aske

Question 31

What were some religious motives for the PofG?

Answer 31

Dissolution of monasteries = loss of charitable/educational functions, loss of traditional practises (Holy days, pilgrimages…)
Fear for churches and traditional practises = celebration of saints, rumours that church wealth would be confiscated

Question 32

What were the Pontefract Articles?

Answer 32

Set of rebel demands expressing a range of religious grievances and concerns of clergy
Anger was directed at Cromwell

Question 33

What were some secular motives for the PofG?

Answer 33

Economic grievances, resentment of taxation
Crown attempted to impose Duke of Suffolk as great magnate sparked rebellion
May have been a courtly conspiracy for supporters of CA to restore Mary as heir

Question 34

How was the PofG suppressed?

Answer 34

Quickly collapsed in Lincolnshire under the forces of Suffolk
Norfolk found himself outnumbered so promised the restoration of monasteries (had no intention to keep this) so the rebels dispersed

Question 35

How significant was the PofG?

Answer 35

Largest Tudor rebellion
Although it didn’t slow the pace of religious change, HVIII underestimated it

Question 36

What were some of the Reformation’s changes to religious doctrine?

Answer 36

1536 - Act of 10 articles meant that only 3 sacraments were recognised
1539 - Act of 6 articles reestablished sacraments (showed HVIII as moving back to more Catholic ideas)

Question 37

What was useful and important in order to break down the influence of the church?

Answer 37

Spread of humanism and Renaissance ideas as they attacked CC beliefs and practises