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Tudors > Elizabeth I > Flashcards

Elizabeth I Flashcards

1
Q

Elizabeth’s ascension

A
  • Was 25
  • Better educated and shrewder judge of character
  • Determined to preserve the prerogative powers of the crown
  • Groomed by Thomas Seymour (may have influenced marriage decision/view on men)
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2
Q

What were Elizabeth’s short term aims?

A
  • Consolidating her position
  • Settle religious issues
  • Pursue peace settlement with France
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3
Q

What were the key features to Elizabeth’s consolidation of power?

A
  • Key councillors accepted her succession, some rode to her to assure of their loyalty
  • Nicholas Heath announced Eliz succession - legally had no right to do so but shows political elite accepted her
  • William Cecil was appointed principal secretary (lasted 40 yrs)
  • Quick and lavish coronation
  • Gained international confirmation (e.g Philip offered marriage alliance)
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4
Q

What were the two key aspects in deciding the form of religion?

A

Legal status of the church and liturgical book used in services

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5
Q

What was in doubt about the nature of the church?

A
  • If it would be ‘Anglo-Catholic’
  • If doctrines and practises would be Cath even though it rejected papal supremacy
  • If it would be a moderate Protestant church like stated in Act of Uniformity 1549
  • If it would be radically evangelical like Act of Uniformity 1552
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6
Q

What was the 1559 Act of Supremacy?

A
  • Restored royal supremacy
  • Papal supremacy rejected
  • Reformation legislation of HVIII was restored
  • Heresy law under Mary was repealed
  • Queen was ‘Supreme governor’ (could be misogynistic or reflected God as head of church)
  • Oath of supremacy taken by clergymen and church officials
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7
Q

What was the 1559 Act of Uniformity?

A
  • Specified use of Cranmer’s second Book of Common Prayer which was more strongly Protestant
  • Ministers and ornaments should be those in the second year of Ed’s reign
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8
Q

What were the royal injunctions in 1559?

A
  • Set of instructions about conduct of services and government of church issued in the queen’s name
  • Intended to attack Cath practises (e.g Eucharist placed on table, not altar and required to use English Bible)
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9
Q

What was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559?

A
  • Peace treaty with France to end war after loss of Calais
  • Agreed that F would retain Calais for 8 yrs and then be restored to Eng, if failed to do so, would have to pay 500,000 crowns
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10
Q

How did Elizabeth intervene with Scotland?

A
  • 1559 Francis II, husband of MQS, succeeded French throne and brought the Catholic Guise faction into power
  • Sent French troops to garrison Scottish fortresses and alarmed John Knox (radical Calvinist leader of Scottish reformation)
  • Led to conflict, Knox wanted fellow Prot Eliz to intervene
  • Eliz loathed Knox who wrote against female rulers but Cecil wanted to help as Eng would be more secure without French force at border and wanted to weaken influence of MQS
  • Persuaded Eliz to send navy to stop French reinforcements from landing, army blocked Leith (where most of French force was), French fleet damaged by storms so withdrew
  • 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh brought peace and a Prot Scot gov
  • Francis II dies, MQS returns to Scot and forced to accept Knox’s power
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11
Q

How did Elizabeth intervene in France?

A
  • 1562 - Conflict between Caths and Prots in France
  • Robert Dudley (son of Northumberland) encouraged Eliz to put military pressure on F to return Calais
  • Eliz supported Huguenot (French Prot leader) but his army was defeated and Cath Duke of Guise assassinated
  • Eliz forced to accept Treaty of Troyes in 1564/lost indemnity of Cateau-Cambresis and lost Calais permanently
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12
Q

Why was Elizabeth’s ascension at a difficult time for the economy?

A

Bad harvests
High mortality rates - reduced supply of labour
High taxation
Cut in real wages

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13
Q

Poor Relief

A

Problems of poverty and vagabondage were a threat to law and order
Deserving and undeserving poor (those actively seeking work/tooill/old/young or those described as beggars/vagrants)
Reformation destroyed institutions offering poor relief
Only from 1570s that parliamentary legislation helped with the problem

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14
Q

How did Elizabeth stabilise the currency?

A

Withdrew debased coins and replaced with soundly minted coins
Gov didn’t resort to debasement for rest of century
Prices still rose but gov not responsible

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15
Q

What is the concept of the mid-Tudor crisis?

A

Reigns of Ed and Mary paled in significance to achievements of HVIII and Eliz
Mid-Tudor years were unproductive and strife-ridden
Jones argues from 1547-58 there was religious strife, inefficiency in gov, economic/social distress and failures in FP
Tittler and Loach stressed positive features of this period and argued that less desirable features such as rebellions were as apparent in mid 1530s

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16
Q

What were the two main areas of the royal court?

A

The Presence Chamber and the Privy Chamber

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17
Q

What was the Presence Chamber?

A

Open to anyone with the right status or connections

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18
Q

What was the Privy Chamber?

A

More private and more important
Admission was carefully guarded

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19
Q

What was the Privy Council?

A

Main formal body for queen’s principal ministers
Responsible for policy advice and administration
Met regularly with 10 members

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20
Q

What were the key functions of the Privy Council?

A

To enforce laws (e.g vagrancy, wages…)
To administer the real by instructing officials (JPs…)
Oversee regional councils (North, Wales…)
Manage crown finances
Discuss state matters and offer advice to queen
Enforce religious settlement of 1559
Oversee arrangements for national defences

21
Q

Who was Robert Dudley?

A

Son of Northumberland, grew up with Eliz, her favourite councillor and a marriage prospect

22
Q

Factional rivalry in government

A

Divisions between William Cecil (favoured moderate policies) and Robert Dudley (strong Protestant ideologies)

23
Q

How was James VI involved in the final succession?

A

Eliz’s decision not to marry meant no heir, MQS next in line until executed, so James had best claim
Eliz’s councillors kept in regular contact with him and Cecil ensured his untroubled succession

24
Q

Problems in gov 1580-90s

A
  • Number of ministers died in quick succession and Eliz slow to replace them / relied on less capable men
  • Council no longer included country’s most important families
  • Wouldn’t allow Cecil to retire / appointed son to replace him
  • Clashes between Robert Cecil and Robert Devereux (Essex)
  • ‘Essex rebellion’ 1601 - Essex failed to defeat Irish rebels / was banished from court due to arrogant manner, tried to revive declining influence by mounting coup against Cecil but failed / was executed
25
Q

Parliament

A
  • 13 sessions mostly granted taxation and statute law (438 laws passed)
  • House of Lords more important than Commons
  • Cecil managed Commons which was expected to be respectful / not hinder parl business
  • Queen’s assent needed before any laws passed - refused over 60 bills
26
Q

What were Elizabeth’s marriage issues?

A

If she died childless, who would succeed?
Eliz felt strongly that marriage and succession issue lay within royal prerogative/didn’t want parl or council to interfere
Death without successor could bring civil war, invasion or religious strife

27
Q

Who were Elizabeth’s suitors?

A

Dudley - although this horrified Cecil as his own influence would reduce, also were political risks due to mysterious circumstances of his first wife’s death
Philip of Spain - offered his hand but was Cath
Prince Erik of Sweden - Protestant

28
Q

How did Elizabeth deal with marriage/succession and Parliament?

A

Issue was raised in 1559 - she deflected gracefully
Parl met in 1562 when Eliz had smallpox - succession crisis
1566 - Eliz angry when brought up again and banished ppl from Presence chamber

29
Q

How was MQS a threat?

A

Was a Catholic figurehead and came to England, allowing herself to become the focus of plots to overthrow Eliz
Eliz excommunicated in 1570 meant Caths didn’t need to obey their sovereign anymore

30
Q

MQS execution

A

Eliz reluctant to execute monarch
Parl duly petitioned Eliz but she refused to sign until Feb 1587
She died a Cath martyr

31
Q

What was the 1569 Northern rebellion?

A

Only significant rebellion again Eliz
Headed by leading northern nobility
Religious fervour and political motives since they were displaced from traditional aristocratic role of controlling northern gov
Courtly conspiracy - Norfolk to marry MQS but Eliz appalled
Failed because of disorganisation (lack of clarity of rebel objectives), poor leadership, lack of expected foreign support, decisive action by authorities

32
Q

What was Neale’s view about conflict in Parliament?

A

Power of Parliament increased in Eliz’s reign and opposition intensified
Better educated gentry joined
‘Puritan Choir’ in House of Commons coordinated confrontations to apply pressure on monarch

33
Q

What was Elton/Grave’s theory about conflict in Parliament?

A

Revisionist view:
Opposition in Parliament was common in other Tudor reigns, not just Eliz
Overall, Parl worked in harmony with gov

34
Q

Eliz Religious developments

A
  • More conservative than her strongly Prot supporters
  • Disapproved of clergy marrying, distrusted preaching and favoured musical culture of cathedrals
  • Saw settlement as an act of state but not ‘making windows into men’s souls’
  • Others believed settlement was a starting point for development of Puritan church
  • Eliz reformed its doctrine but not church structure, procedures, services and clerical dress
35
Q

Parliamentary Clashes

A
  • 1576 Peter Wentworth made appeal for freedom of speech / was committed to Tower, imprisoned later for defying restrictions on freedom of speech (religion/succession)
36
Q

Deteriorations after 1593

A

-1593 - Burghley’s associates criticised Arch Cant for encouraging act punishing secretaries
- 1593 - Wentworth imprisoned for arguing for named successor - Eliz saw as attack on royal prerogative
- 1601 - relationship with parl broke over debate over monopolies - compromise achieved, golden speech (farewell)

37
Q

1585 Anglo-Spanish relations

A
  • Began cordially as Philip proposed marriage
  • John Hawkins’ trading activities threatened Spanish monopoly in Caribbean
  • Phil controlled Netherlands / clashed with Dutch Prots - Prot councillors pressured Eliz to aid Prots
  • Eliz reluctant but her expulsion from Eng ports of Sea Beggars in 1572 sparked revolt in Netherlands against Spanish rule
  • 1568 - Eng seized Span vessels and confiscated their money
  • Phil supported 1569 Northern rebellion and 1571 Ridolfi plot
  • 1570s-80s - Phil’s success in Neth concerned Eliz / relations deteriorated as privateers captured Span bullion
  • 1584 - Treaty of Joiville with Cath league in France led to Anglo-Span war
38
Q

Anglo-Spanish war

A

-Treaty of Nonsuch with Dutch rebels - sent troops to Neth but were ill-disciplined
- Phil convinced was doing God’s work - Cath crusade - organised Armada against Eng
- 1587 - Eng successfully attacked Span ships at Cadiz, delaying armada launch
- Set sail July 1588 / planned to load Span army in Neth to invade Eng
- Sighted in Cornwall / battle in Eng channel, unfavourable winds forced return to Spain via Scot/Ire

  • Philip ordered another invasion in 1596 but fleet defeated by storms
  • War concluded 1604 after both died
39
Q

Poor relief

A
  • Increase no. of poor
  • 1576 acts required towns to make provisions for employment of deserving poor
  • 1601 Elizabethan poor law created national system for poor relief based on parish (required to raise rates of poor relief, impotent cared for in poor house, able-bodies given work in ‘House of Industry’
40
Q

Ireland

A
  • Eliz supreme gov in 1560
  • Largely cath, hard to enforce prot
  • 1569-73 rebellion against brit rule in south
  • 1595 - Earl of Tyrone led rebellion in Ulster
  • 1598 - Rebels victorious at battle of Yellow Ford, Tyrone controlled most of Ire beyond pale
  • 1599 - Essex sent to Ire, made truce with Tyrone against orders, then moved south to gain Span support
  • 1601 - 3000 Span troops in support of rebellion, defeated by new Lieutenant Mountjoy
  • 1603 - Peace after Eliz’s death
41
Q

Wales

A
  • Well integrated into eng
  • council of wales and marches continued to police border so conflict not an issue
  • bible/book of common prayer translated into welsh
42
Q

Scotland

A
  • Mostly reasonable terms
  • rebellion in north eng 1569 - some eng rebel leaders escaped to scot
  • border maintained by lords while council of the North also tried to curb lawlessness on the border
43
Q

Religious developments

A
  • Most worshippers accepted changes except recusants (caths who’d rather pay fines that attend Anglican services) and Puritans (opposed all Cath practises)
  • 1570 excommunication
  • Both Puritan and Cath factions grew
  • Harsh penal laws against caths
44
Q

Puritanism

A
    • 1566 Vestarian controversy occured when archbish parker issued advertisements making certain vesments compulsory - angered some puritans
  • 1583 - Archbish Cant issued 3 articles demanding clergy accept royal supremacy, prayer book and 39 articles
45
Q

Presbyterianism

A
  • Puritan sub - developed after vestarian controversy
  • 1572 - ‘Admonition to parl’ demanded greater reliance on authority of scriptures and church gov by ministers rather than bishops
  • 1583 - some stood out against three articles
  • late 1580s - declined as parl’s rejection of Cope’s proposed prayer book suggested further reform unlikely
46
Q

Separatism

A
  • Most extreme form of Puritanism
  • Wanted to separate from CofE and make independent church congregation withough queen as supreme gov
  • 1593 - act against seditious secretaries brought arrests of separatists
47
Q

Catholicism

A
  • Had to pay recusancy fines if failed to attend anglican services
  • All cath bishs refused to conform to 1559 oath of supremacy
  • 1580 - Jesuit priests arrived
  • 1581 - Act to retain subjects as non allegiance to queen was treasonable, saying mass punishable by heavy fine/prison, fine for non-attendance
48
Q

Golden Age

A
  • Prop for Elizabeth as ‘Gloriana’
  • 30 grammer schools established
  • Miniture portraits most distinctive feature of eliz paintings (mostly of queen, courtiers, gentry)
  • Country house buildings - architects important
  • Popular music - bands, ballads, dinking songs popular
  • Secular music - flourished at court, honoured the queen, more intimite with Renaissance overtones
  • Prose and poetry - Foxe’s book of maryrs, writers aimed to modernise eng language
  • Public theatres like Globe and Swan competed for plays by dramatists like Shakespeare and Marlowe - Theatre companies e.g The Lord Chamberlain’s men
49
Q

Condition of Eng by 1603

A
  • Gov successful but quality of administration declined as ministers died, factional rivalry, fear of succession
  • Considerable economic growth, trade flourished
  • Divide between rich and poor but mostly content population, poor laws helped deserving poor
  • Level of popular cath declines, puritanism and separatism faded, mostly religious unity

Tudors (5 decks)

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