Henry VIII (1509-1547)

Question 1

Character/Aims:

• How did Henry VIII’s aims differ from his father? (S.W.E.A.R)

Answer 1

• S: secure male heir
  W: warrior king
  E: ensure England’s place internationally
  A: attention from Europe
  R: re-establishing the nobility

Question 2

Character/Aims:

• What was the significance of Henry V to Henry VIII?
• What does he do as a result?
• How does Henry re-establish the nobility? When?

Answer 2

• he had military success: Henry wanted to emulate his success in France
• cancels the £5000 pension from the Treaty of Etaples and declares war on France
• removes the Council Learned in January 1510 + executes Empson and Dudley on Tower Hill in August 1510

Question 3

Government:

• What type of government had Henry VIII reformed from his father?

-What did implement?

-Who did he appoint?

Answer 3

• conciliar government
• an ‘alter rex’
• appointed 1 close adviser (Thomas Wolsey)

Question 4

Government:

• What role did Wolsey have? What did this mean he oversaw
• What was extended in 1516 by Wolsey? How was it used? How many cases by 1600?
• What court did he preside over? How did he use it?

Answer 4

• Lord Chancellor; oversaw the legal system + maintaining law and order
• Court of the Star Chamber; allowed for peasants to deal with disputes against people higher; 700 cases by 1600
• Court of Chancery; used to uphold fair justice in problems (ie. enclosure, land left for others in wills)

Question 5

Government:

• What was enclosure? What did Wolsey launch? When?
• Was Wolsey successful in this approach? Why? (ie. what happened by 1523)
• How much did Wolsey demand from parliament in 1523? Why?

Answer 5

• when common land is fenced off for private owners; national inquiry; 1517
• unsuccessful; forced to accept all existing enclosures (1523) - unable to exert political power over nobility
• £800,000; wars in France

Question 6

Government:

• What does Wolsey introduce to change how subsidies were collected?
• How did the people who assessed the subsidy change?
• What was the old method of taxation and how much did it raise compared to the new method between 1513-16?

Answer 6

• Tudor Subsidy
• from local commissioners to national committees
• Fifteenth and tenth: £90,000
  Subsidy: £170,000

Question 7

Government:

• Why did Wolsey raise taxes again in 1525?
• How many protested and refused to pay tax? Who resisted from the tax?
• What hadn’t been repaid?

Answer 7

• Insufficient funds for Henry’s wars in France; February 1525
• 1,000 protestors, 4,000 tax refusers; East Anglicans
• Forced loans in 1522-23

Question 8

Government:

• What did Wolsey introduce in 1526? How many members?
• How many councillors must there be to commence a meeting? What couldn’t members do against the king?;
• What was Wolsey successful in reducing influence towards? Who did it remove from power

Answer 8

• Eltham Ordinances; 15 members
• 10 councillors; couldn’t transgress against the king
• Privy Chamber; remove George Boleyn, William Compton,

Question 9

Government:

• How does Henry VIII extend the Privy Chamber?
• How does Wolsey respond and what’s the outcome?

Answer 9

• expands with his ‘minions’ becoming Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber
• Wolsey removes them in 1519 and adds his supporters; most recover their roles

Question 10

Foreign Policy:

• What alliance did Henry enter in 1510? Who was involved?
• What was its aims?

Answer 10

• Holy League; Spain, the HRE and the papacy
• to fight against and defeat France

Question 11

Foreign Policy:

• How many men did Henry VIII send to South West France? Who failed to support him? Why?
• Why was Henry VIII unsuccessful to gain Aquitaine?
• Which areas did Henry gain after this loss? Which Battle in 1513? What did he do with the land gained?

Answer 11

• 10,000 soldiers; Ferdinand of Spain; suffered a defeat at Gascony
• Ferdinand manipulated him and acquired Henry’s troops to gain Navarre
• Tournai and Therouanne; Battle of the Spurs (1513); manipulated by Maximilian I and gave him Therouanne

Question 12

Foreign Policy:

• Which battle occurred soon after? When does Catherine write a letter to Henry? Why?
• Who invaded England in this battle?
• What was the outcome of this battle?

Answer 12

• Battle of Flodden; Sept. 1513; Henry was in France whilst England fought Scotland
• James IV
• James IV is killed and defeated but England do not attack

Question 13

Foreign Policy:

• How successful were Henry’s campaign in France after acquiring Tournai and Therouanne in the long term? Why?
• What happened to Tournai in 1519?
• What league was formed in 1517? What happened to England?

Answer 13

• unsuccessful;
  > England suffered a loss in finances - no £5000 pension from the Treaty of Etaples
  > insignificant gains in France
  > France held peace with Scotland
• Tournai is sold back to France
• League of Cambrai; England were isolated

Question 14

Foreign Policy:

• How did Wolsey respond to the newly formed League of Cambrai in the following year? Whats the significance?
• When was the Field of Cloth of Gold? How significant was it? What was it described as?
• What treaty was signed in 1521 Between who? What were its aims?

Answer 14

• Treaty of London in 1518; England restore international status
• 7-24th June 1520; insignifcant but it aimed to reinforce relations; an extravagant and expensive encounter
• Treaty of Bruges in August 1521; alliances between Henry VIII/Wolsey and Charles V
  > Improve relations with the Pope
  > Gain more territory in France
  > Important trade links with the Netherlands (part of HRE)

Question 15

Foreign Policy:

• Who dies in 1519? What did it leave?
• Who were the claimants? Who did they both turn to for support?
• Who did they eventually ally? Who acquires HRE?

Answer 15

• Maximilian I; power vacancy
• Francis I and Charles V; England
• England allied France; Charles V acquired HRE

Question 16

Foreign Policy:

• Who was involved in Henry’s second campaign of France? When was the campaign?
• How successful was Henry’s second campaign of France? Why?
• How much did the Conquest of France cost?

Answer 16

• Earl of Surrey and Spain; 1523
• unsuccessful; failed to take Paris; lack of supplies
• £400,000

Question 17

Foreign Policy:

• Which battle was fought between Francis I and Charles V? When? Who won? Where did it take place?
• What did Charles V do after?
• How does Henry respond? (what league does he join and with who?

Answer 17

• Battle of Pavia; February 1525; Charles V won; Italy
• refused to ally with England and Henry VIII in Northern France
• joins League of Cognac with France and the Pope; to counter balance Charles V’s power in Italy

Question 18

Foreign Policy:

• What treaty does France and England sign after the failure of the League of Cognac? When? Why was it significant?
• What treaty is eventually signed? When? Between who?
• Why was it significant?

Answer 18

• Treaty of Westminster; 1527;
  aimed to defeat Charles V
• Treaty of Cambrai; 1529; France and Charles V = peace
• England were left isolated again