Henry VII - Religion, Humanism, Arts And Learning

Question 1

What were guilds and confraternities?

Answer 1

Voluntary associations of individuals created to promote works of Christian charity or devotion

Question 2

How did the church aid social control?

Answer 2

Encouraged good behaviour, obedience, and stressed the value of community

Question 3

What was the centre of religious experience for ordinary people?

Answer 3

The parish church (over 8000)

Question 4

What does it mean when the relationship between the church and state was Erastian?

Answer 4

The view that the state should have authority over the church

Question 5

Henry VII’s relationship with the papacy

Answer 5

Pope did little to interfere

Papacy didn’t object to Henry’s use of church wealth to reward clergy he had given high political office

Question 6

Under what two provinces was the church in England administered?

Answer 6

Canterbury and York, each under the jurisdiction of an archbishop.

And 17 dioceses each under a bishop’s control

Question 7

Role of abbots

Answer 7

Heads of wealthy religious houses

Membership of HOL alongside bishops

Had to balance administrative and management alongside demonstrating spirituality to maintain reputation

Not all lived up to these demands - criticisms of monastic life increasing

Question 8

What was the most important of the 7 sacraments needed to reach heaven and avoid purgatory?

Answer 8

Eucharist - transubstantiation

Question 9

Church’s social role

Answer 9

Benefactors - bequeath money to spend less time in purgatory

Chantries - chapels where masses for the dead occurred (intercession done by chantry priest)

Guilds and confraternities

Pilgrimage

Question 10

Example of importance of individual religious experience - Margaret Beaufort

Answer 10

Widespread donations, especially to Cambridge university

Question 11

How popular was pilgrimage?

Answer 11

Evidence primary site - tomb of Thomas becket at Canterbury - was losing popularity

But vast number of pilgrimage sites made access east and frequent

Question 12

What was Rogationtide?

Answer 12

Simple form of pilgrimage within a parish on rogation Sunday

Walked around parish boundaries carrying banners and parish cross to ward off evil spirits

Question 13

What was the Bridgettine foundation at Syon?

Answer 13

Exceptional nunnery - quality novices and wealthy

Question 14

Religious orders

Answer 14

Benedictines (oldest and most common)

Cistercians and Carthusians - founded in 11th century due to lack of zeal of benedictines (located in more rural areas)

Question 15

Who did monasteries recruit?

Answer 15

Recruits from range of social backgrounds, but mainly the wealthy in larger houses

Recruited mainly from own localities

Question 16

Orders of Friars

Answer 16

Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians

Recruited lower down social scale than larger monasteries

Worked among Laiety supported by donation

Question 17

Who was John Wycliffe?

Answer 17

Founded the Lollardy, which emerged in England in 14th century - considered heresy

Question 18

Support for lollardy

Answer 18

Previously widespread but declined after failed pollard uprising in 1414

Considered heresy

Question 19

Extent of church criticisms

Answer 19

Specific outbursts of anticlericalism rare and often politically motivated

Large numbers of priest hood candidates indicates priest’s retained support of laity

Question 20

When did Erasmus first visit England?

Answer 20

1499

Question 21

How many grammar schools were founded between 1460-1509?

Answer 21

53

Question 22

What was the Eton Choirbook?

Answer 22

Compiled around 1505, collection of 93 musical compositions used in cathedrals

Beginnings of ‘renaissance’ from single line chants to more complex choral music

Question 23

What type of architecture was dominant?

Answer 23

Gothic perpendicular style

Question 24

When did Henry build the lady chapel in west minister

Answer 24

1502 - gothic perpendicular style

Question 25

Culture

Answer 25

Gothic traditions

Printing concerned with traditional medieval and chivalric themes

Question 26

Influence of humanism during Henry VII’s reign?

Answer 26

Limited, but humanist influences had reached England by end of reign in 1509

Intellectual/education dominated by traditional medieval scholastic philosophy

Architecture remained gothic perpendicular style

Visual culture remained mainly gothic

Question 27

Influence of humanism on education

Answer 27

1480’s experienced inroads, particularly at Magdalene college school in Oxford

Widening of opportunities - song schools, reading schools for the very young and grammar schools

Much provision for wealthy, but access for majority depended on where they lived

Question 28

What was the most popular art form?

Answer 28

Drama - famous plays at feasts of Corpus Christi by guilds

Combined public celebration with moral and religious messages