Henry VII 1485-1509 Flashcards
1
Q
What were Henry VII’s 9 problems after the Battle of Bosworth? In order of importance
A
Parliament have not officially recognised him as King, Pope has not officially recognised him as King, not been officially crowned King, hasn’t married Elizabeth of York yet so house of York is still his enemy, no heir to the throne, other Yorkist nobility with claims to the throne (Earls of Warwick and Lincoln), deciding what to do about his opponents, many people consider him a usurper, his supporters from Bosworth would be expecting rewards
2
Q
How did Henry VII solve his problem with parliament?
A
On 7th November 1485 he called the first parliament of his reign, parliament were not allowed to meet unless invited by the king
3
Q
How did Henry VII solve his problem with the Pope?
A
He had Archbishop Morton visit Rome to secure papal support for him before Bosworth which paved the way for a papal dispensation (permission) to marry Elizabeth of York
4
Q
How did Henry VII solve his problem of not having been officially crowned? 3 points
A
Had a big coronation 30th October 1485, paid £8 per yard for gold cloth and 40 shillings per yard for purple velvet for his robes, began a tour through his new kingdom in March 1486
5
Q
How did Henry VII solve his problem of not having married Elizabeth of York yet? 3 points
A
They married on 18th January 1486 (not straight away so people wouldn’t think his only claim to the throne was his wife) and she didn’t become Queen until November 1487, Henry made sure all her sisters were married to suitable Lancastrians
6
Q
How did Henry VII solve his problem of not having an heir to the throne?
A
Prince Arthur born 19th September 1486, Margaret in 1488, Henry in 1491 and Mary in 1496
7
Q
How did Henry VII solve his problem of other Yorkist nobility having potential claims to the throne? 3 points
A
Ten year old Earl of Warwick (nephew of Richard III) was a direct threat so Henry sent him to the Tower of London to live in relative comfort, John de la Pole (Earl of Lincoln) was another nephew of Richard III so Henry allowed him to swear loyalty to him and eventually invited him to join his council, began to develop his own personal protection squad (the Yeoman of the Guard) which numbered 200 by the end of his reign- he copied this from Kings he had witnessed in French courts
8
Q
How did Henry VII solve his problem of dealing with his opponents? 6 points
A
Less than a quarter of temporal lords (not clergy) fought against him and many who did were dead, predated his reign to the day before Bosworth so anyone who fought against him should be treated as a traitor (Act of Attainder passed against 30 of Richards supporters), he confiscated lands and property of Richard III and his supporters which increased his own income and security, realised not all Yorkists had been supporters of Richard (Duke of Buckingham openly fought against him) and he allowed former Yorkist lords to swear allegiance to him, Earl of Surrey fought against Henry so he kept him in prison until 1489, Earl of Northumberland was at Bosworth but did not fight for Richard so Henry released him from prison 1485 and gave him control of the north to prove his loyalty
9
Q
How did Henry VII solve his problem of rewarding his supporters? 5 points
A
Rewarded his uncle Jasper Tudor with titles: Duke of Bedford/Chief Justice of Wales/Constable of al Royal Castles in Wales/Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Sir William Stanley who famously sided with Henry at Bosworth made Lord Chamberlain, Thomas Lord Stanley (Henry’s step father) made Earl of Derby, Bishop Fox (lawyer who had been in exile with France with Henry) made keeper of the privy seal, didn’t reward too much land to subjects as he was aware the creation of overmighty subjects had led to issues for his predecessors and would limit his income
10
Q
Define nobility
A
Mounted warriors who swore allegiance to their sovereign and promised to fight for him in exchange for an allocation of land
11
Q
Define overmighty subjects
A
Anybody who had built up enough power/men to be equal to or above the King through bastard feudalism
12
Q
Define affinity
A
Group of men whom a lord gathered around himself in his service
13
Q
Define retaining
A
Noblemen keep large numbers of men as personal staff which can be used to put pressure on tenants who are slow at paying rent or juries to return a desired verdict
14
Q
Define temporal lord
A
Title given to members of the House of Lords who are either life peers or hereditary peers
15
Q
Define spiritual lord
A
English bishop or archbishop who is a member of the House of Lords
16
Q
Define Act of Attainder
A
No need for trial, confiscation of land
17
Q
Define wardship
A
The right to the custody of an infant heir of a feudal tenant and of the heirs property
18
Q
Define pretender to the throne
A
Someone who put forward claim to a title falsely
19
Q
Define usurper
A
To seize and hold a position/power by force or without legal rights
20
Q
Define benevolence
A
Any gift made to the king
21
Q
Define privy council
A
A body of the monarchs closest advisors that advises him to give confidential advice on state affairs
22
Q
Define bonds and recognisances
A
Written contract of good behaviour or for an individual to perform a specific task. If they failed they lost the money associated with their bond
23
Q
Define accession
A
Attainment or acquisition of a position of rank or power
24
Q
Define succession
A
Action of process of inheriting a title
25
Give 2 facts which show that Henry VII ruled in a similar way to Edward IV
He inherited all the institutions of government that had operated under Edward IV, his use of council through a body of close advisors and frequent meetings made it effective
26
Identify 4 problems centred around Henry VIIs claim to the throne
Consolidating royal power, promotion of a harder working nobility and gentry, struggle to build up royal finances, avoidance of costly wars
27
When did Henry VII become head of the house of Lancaster?
In 1471 on the death of Henry VI
28
How did Margaret help her son Henry secure the throne? 3 ways
Helped arrange his marriage to Elizabeth of York, kept him well supplied with money, helped organise 1483 rebellion
29
Describe Henry VIIs appearance when he died in 6 points
Cheerful face, attractive, well built and strong, pale, hair thin and grey, teeth few and blackish
30
Define bastard feudalism
Instead of giving land to knights, nobles have annual payments which allows them to build up a following of men and raise them as an army
31
Who were Empson and Dudley?
Two leading members of the Council Learned in the Law who collected debts owed to the king, widely hated and acted without a jury
32
How did Henry VII lay the foundations of Tudor power? 5 points
His breaking up of the feudal power of the nobility was made easier by the extinction of some noble lines in the wars, king took over their estates and lands of those attained for having fought for Richard III, set up council ‘Learned in the Law’ in 1495 to deal with influential Lords, forbade practices of Libery and maintenance, levelled keeps and castles as a more drastic measure
33
Who was Henry VIIs royal council made up of?
227 councillors but around 7-24 regula attendees in inner circle ‘council select’ included chancellor, treasurer, keeper of privy seal, bishops and magnates, lawyers and knights
34
How did Henry VII try to increase royal wealth?
Husbanded proceeds from royal estates, exacted full feudal dues from his rights of Wardship/Marriage/Benevolence/Promotions/Death Incidents, levied forced loans and benevolences, got ‘extraordinary’ supplies from parliament however parliament was only called seven times during his reign
35
By which year had Wales been irreversibly conquered?
1415 but wales remained a mixture of private lordships and royal shores well into the sixteenth century
36
What was the Council in the Marches of Wales?
The Council of the Prince of Wales was set up to administer the princes estates in Wales in the reign of Edward IV but it later lapsed and Henry made it a permanent institution for his son Prince Arthur and after Arthur’s death in 1502 it continued as the Council in the Marches of Wales. It was not given statutory powers until the Act of Union with Wales in 1536 and had power to appoint sheriffs and justices of the peace. The semi independent Marcher Lorda had to acknowledge the authority of the English crown
37
What was the Council of the North?
Edward IV and Richard III appointed this council where the great border families of Percy/Neville/Scrope/Dacre ruled like independent princes but Henry gradually made this a virtual offshoot of his own Council. The Council was to meet once every quarter to order and examine all bills of complaint; it had powers to deal with riots/robberies/other misbeahaviours. Under Earl of Surrey from 1489 when Northumberland died. Political outsiders used to control areas which weren’t loyal to the crown
38
How did Henry VII govern the North?
He needed a Percy so he had to release the Earl of Northumberland from the tower and restored him as Lord Wareen of the East and Middle Marches, he was like reduced influence of regional magnates with regional influence but Henry needed nobility to control the country so members of household appointed as royal council wardens and to local offices
39
What were relations like between France and England after Henry VII became king?
The Hundred Years’ War lasted 1337 to 1453 between England and France. by the time Henry was king of england relations were still hostile and France had three times the resources of England in manpower and revenue. This was a natural gathering place for people opposed to tudors given its close distance to England
40
What did the treaty with France at Etaples secure?
England’s neutrality in Charles VIII wars with Italy but he paid £159,000 to Henry VII for the privilege, it did not end English claims on France as they were revived from Henry VIII time, no French aid would be forthcoming for Yorkist pretenders
41
When was the Treaty of Medina del Campo with Spain and what did it do?
March 1489, Henry and Spain go to war against France and hell Henry regain territory, cemented by the marriage of Henry VIIs eldest son Arthur with Catherine of Aragon a spanish princess which enhanced Henry’s prestige abroad, Isabelle and Ferdinand bound not to allow any Yorkist pretenders to take refuge on Spanish soil, Henry chose this moment to create a new coin, the golden sovereign, on which he was wearing an imperial crown
42
When and why was the Magnus Intercursus treaty agreed to?
Signed in February 1496, both France and the Emperor Maximilian courted English support for their Italian wars and Henry agreed to this trade treaty with the ruler of the Netherlands (Phillip of Burgundy) which allowed English merchants to sell their goods wholesale anywhere in the duke of Burgundy’s lands except Flanders without paying any tolls or customs, persuaded emperor Maximilian to stop supporting Yorkist pretenders. A few months later Henry joined the Holy league
43
How did Henry VII go further after the Magnus Intercursus to promote trade by agreement? 3 points
In Florence in 1490, In Denmark in 1496, in 1506 he negotiated another commercial treaty with Phillip of Burgundy but even so had to confirm privileges of the German Hanseatic League merchants in England in 1486 and in 1504
44
Who were John Cabot and his sons?
Genoese merchant adventurers who had settled in Bristol and were planning a voyage westwards across the North Atlantic, Henry’s letter patent to them in 1496 meant they were required to return any goods to Bristol and were granted monopoly of any trade they developed in the course of their maritime enterprises. Cabot’s first voyage of 1497 during which he discovered Newfoundland
45
Who did Henry VIIs daughter Margaret marry?
King James IV of Scotland -this ‘Auld Alliance’ cut across the ancient and dangerous alliance between France and Scotland
46
What did the three successive Earls of Kildare do?
From 1470 to 1534 they ruled those areas of Ireland subject to the English crown, these consisted mainly of the pale which by the 19th century stretched in a thirty mile radius from Dublin and certain garrison towns throughout the island
47
Why did Henry VII pardon the right Earl of Kildare (Garret) and what for?
For his support of the Yorkist pretenders and his restoration as Lord Deputy in the 1490s began a period of uninterrupted rule in Ireland until 1519. Main reason was because Kildares were able to govern in the Kings name without calls on the English revenue because after 1496 the major portion of royal revenues in Ireland was paid directly to Kildare for civil and military administration in the defence of English interests
48
4 facts about Garret (the great earl)’s family
He and his great son married into the English aristocracy, his second wife was Elizabeth St John (relative of Henry Tudor), five of their surviving sons and a nephew Thomas died on the scaffold in 1537. His son Gearóid Óg married Elizabeth Gray (daughter of marquis of Dorset) so Fitzgerald’s of Kildare were part of the circle of English nobility
49
What did the Old English colony think of the Kildares and what did this lead to?
Resented the extortionate methods of them and saw their government as acting against the best interests of the old English colony in Ireland. This caused a spate of reform plans and treaties originating from London and the spake calling for the revitalisation or English law, custom and practice within Ireland. This led to the dismissal of Kildare who was replaced by Sir Edward Poynings as governor
50
When was Poynings law and what did it do?
1494, restricted legislation in the Irish Parliament so no bill for example could be introduced without being approved by London. In contrast with the policies of the Kildares which favoured working within the Gaelic political system rather than trying to radically change it
51
What was Kildare licensed to do after being reinstated as Lord Deputy?
To summon a parliament in 1508 which was the first since 1499. Its sessions resulted in the renewal of a ten year subsidy, all other bills including ten regulation of trade were suspended on the news of Henry VIIs death on 21st April 1509
52
Why was Henry VIIs considered the greatest of his dynasty? 5 reasons
Built a strong orderly government out of chaos but by using existing institutions, handed his son a secure throne, a full treasury, established prestige abroad and a prosperous foreign trade
53
What happened in the 1489 Yorkshire rebellion? 5 points
1489 parliament gave Henry a subsidy of £100,000 which was raised as an income tax, resentment was high in Yorkshire due to the bad harvest and ongoing costs in that area of dealing with the Scots, royal tax collector Earl of Northumberland murdered, Kings forces beat rebels and he raised no more if the tax, Surrey put in place as new ruler of the area having no local tie
54
Why did Henry VII feel vulnerable after 1502?
Death of his heir in 1502 made succession less secure, confrontation with parliament in 1504 revealed some of the underlying tensions existing with the body politic, he strengthened laws on retaining to protect his sons inheritance with the 1487 and 1504 acts
55
Give 3 statistics about Henry VIIs finances
Income from royal lands and warship rose by 45%, customs revenues rose by 20%, Henry VIIs total land revenue was three times that of Henry VI
56
What happened to crown income from lands in the first year of Henry VIIs reign?
Fell by half to £11,700, the Exchequer was often lacking supplies of cash to meet emergencies
57
When and why did Henry VII re asset the Yorkist Chamber system?
1487, to give him access to cash and the ability to supervise financial affairs personally. Chamber dealt with estate revenues, profits of justice, feudal dues and later the French pension. By end of reign it dealt with 90% of crown income
58
What did the Inquisitions Post Mortem do?
Investigate feudal duties. Levels of income -1487 income from wardship stood at £300pa rising to £6000pa by 1507. These levels elf to a new development, greater specialisation and the creation of a new office, Master of Wards, held by Hussey
59
What was the Surveyor if the Kings Preorogative?
Used from 1508, held by Belknap enabling efficient pursuance of debts to the crown
60
Which 6 advisors did Henry rely on?
Heron in the chamber, Bray as his eyesight deteriorated (who occupied the post of lord treasurer) who had a proven track record in improving efficiency in his handling of the Duchy of Lancaster, Dudley and Belknap had roots in the lower nobility, Empson and lawyer Morton were new men like Bray
61
Why did Henry VII need nobles? 4 points
To oversee tax collection and law and order, used some nobles to asset royal authority in areas well beyond their regions e.g Surrey in the north, when a noble presence was lacking their could be serious disorder as seen in the north midlands due to Warwick’s imprisonment as lesser peers vied for power resulting in feuding and violence
62
Who in the gentry were influential?
Croft was influential in Shropshire, Hampden given authority in Oxfordshire, JPs given an increasing role and were drawn from the ranks of the gentry
63
Which key gentry supported the Cornish Rebellion in 1486 and why?
Latimer and Luttrell because Henry failed to acknowledge the support given by them
64
What was the role of Parliament? 5 points
Taxation required its consent, no policy making role, protect the monarch, consultation role, consisted of Lords and commons
65
What were the 7 parliaments with Henry VII called during his 23 year reign?
1485-6 declared Henry king and attained Richard III and supporters, Nov and Dec 1487 gave a poll tax on aliens, 1489-9 grant to maintain a force of archers, 1491-1492, Oct-Dec 1495, 1497, 1504 about retaining and feudal aides
66
How many statutes were passed and what for?
192. Reinforce the royal position (40 acts of resumption and attainder, 12 fiscal matters), restore law and order via legislation on JPs (7 acts on JPs, 14 on law enforcement), regulate corporations and franchises, economic legislation (31 on trade, prices and wages)
67
When and what was the Statute of limitations?
1495 to limit actions against Yorkists, possible attempt to heal the county and prevent further outbreaks of rebellion
68
Identify 3 minor reforms with limited impact
Act against hunting in disguise, 1489 act against depopulation, 1495 Act on wages and working hours
69
What did JPs do? 4 things
Assessed subsidies, enquired into weights and measures, regulated alehouses, examines taxation complaints
70
What 4 things did key legislation include?
JPs regulation granting of recognizances, limited the granting of bail, requirement upon JPs to review juries, requirement to enforce game and vagrancy laws
71
When was the only real example of tension between Henry VII and parliament?
1504 when Henry VII asked for two feudal aids to levy £90,000 but parliament offered compromise of £30,000
72
How was the Brittany expedition a failure and how did Henry prepare for Charles’ threat afterwards?
Charles captured Rennes and married Anne of Brittany thus bringing Brittany into France, Charles sent for Warbeck and threatened action against England and Henry built a fighting force and amass supplies and asserted his claim to the French throne and sent out agents to collect a benevolence in the summer of 1491 and summoned parliament in the winter to make a more formal and legitimate grant
73
When did Henry VII declare war on Scotland and how did he prepare?
Following James IVs raid of England in support of Warbeck in 1496. Hired mercenary troops and purchased supplies, requested a grant from the 1497 parliament and between £60,000-90,000, halted by Cornish rebellion
74
When was the Truce of Ayton signed and what did Warbeck do after this?
In 1497 Warbeck was expelled from Scotland and a seven year truce was signed. He moved his campaign to Cornwall to profit from Cornish rebellion but was arrested by Henry’s men.
75
Identify 5 failures of Henry’s monarchy
Lack of a police force, standing army, sufficient treasury, independent legislative power, system of recognisances viewed as excessive
76
What is the traditionalist perspective of Henry VII?
Henry deserves credit for the way he consolidated his position after the Battle of Bosworth through his skill and wise decision making
77
What is the revisionist perspective of Henry VII?
He inherited a lucky set of circumstances. His consolidation owes just as much to the circumstances out of his control than to his own skill and decisions
78
How did the conspiracy about Lambert Simnel/Earl of Warwick start?
Lambert Simnel was tutored as a child by 28 year old clerical resident Richard Symonds who saw resemblance between Simnel and Edward (Earl of Warwick) which was brought to Yorkist attention. It is likely that John de la Pole Earl of Lincoln was behind the scheme and had been put into contact with Symonds by Bishop Stillington of Bath and Wells
79
Why did Lambert Simnel impersonate Earl of Warwick?
He was the leading Yorkist claimant to the throne. He had been arrested by Henry after Bosworth and by late 1486 Yorkists feared he had been murdered
80
Who supported Simnel’s claim to the throne as Earl of Warwick?
Margaret of Burgundy (Richard III sister) who has good relations with the Yorkists and ruler of Burgundy Maximilian on the political front and supplied 2000 mercenaries, she took Simnel in as her nephew, John de la Pole (Earl of Lincoln), Ireland heavily supportive of the Yorkists for example Earl of Kildare who had held the office of Lord Deputy from 1479 and was the most powerful man in Ireland
81
How did rebels try to gain support in Simnels rebellion?
Marched quickly east through Cumbria and North Yorkshire hoping to gain support in this area but they failed perhaps due to the speed of their march which gave little opportunity for troops to be raised
82
How did Henry respond to Simnels rebellion?
He paraded the Earl through the streets of London. 8000 rebels confronted Henry’s 12,000 men in a field near East Stoke where Henry’s forces inflicted a heavy defeat in the rebels, John de la Pole killed. Henry instructs Parliament to spend more time dealing with his enemies but only 28 men were attainted so he had less land to give to his supporters
83
When did Lovell rebel and who was he?
Lovell was one of Richard IIIs councillors and a close ally of the king who fled after Bosworth with the brothers Humphrey and Thomas Stafford, to sanctuary in Colchester Abbey. Eight months later (April 1486) they left to raise a rebellion when Henry had gone on a tour of the north of England
84
How did Lovell’s rebellion begin?
Lovell travelled to Richards old stronghold to raise troops while the Stafford’s did the same in Worcestershire but they were pursued by Henry’s spies. Lovell went to Yorkshire to Middleham castle and a few Yorkist retainers supported him, few people supported the Stafford brothers in Worcester
85
How did Henry VII respond to the Lovell rebellion? 6 points
When Henry heard of the rebellion in Lincoln he moved north to York to suppress it with his large armed force, Jasper Tudor was sent into Yorkshire and the rebel force disbanded, 2 reliable noblemen (Sir Richard Edgecombe and Sir William Tyler) sent in to arrest Lovell who had fled to Margaret of Burgundy. Other rebels fled to Culham Abbey but they were dragged out and out on trial for treason and found guilty. Pope supported Henry VII so said sanctuary could not be claimed by rebels against the king. Elder brother Humphrey was executed but the younger brother promised to behave so was set free
86
What happened to Lovell in the end?
He rallied support from Margaret of Burgundy to support Lambert Simnel, he fought at the battle of Stoke and his body was never found
87
What happened to Sir John Coyers and the Abbot of Abingdon after the Lovell rebellion?
John was suspected of supporting Lovell so was stripped of his stewardship of Middleham and had to pay a £2000 bond. The abbot tried to give sanctuary to the Stafford brothers so was forced to pay a 3000 mark bond of allegiance
88
Why did the Lovell rebellion fail? 4 reasons
Lack of credible alternative as king (very few willing to rise in support of the noble leaders), only minor nobles involved so has no great wealth or group of supporters/servants on which to base a rising, Henry had an efficient intelligence operation by successfully tracking the rebels when they fled and not giving them time to become a threat, no backing from overseas
89
What are arguably the three main reasons why Henry VII was never really in danger?
Those seeking the throne needed to be credible and viable alternatives to him, Henry VII would need to be isolated and there would need to be enough domestic support for an invasion to ensure that it did not look like a self interested act of political speculation by either foreign powers or isolated English malcontents, foreign powers possessed of the requisite military and financial muscle had to be prepared to support an invasion
90
How did Henry have support from the Pope?
He issued a bull warning to those who refuted the legitimacy of Henry VIIs claim that they would be excommunicated
91
Who were Henry’s core supporters at the battle of Stoke?
Duke of Bedford, Earl of Derby, Earl of Oxford as well as a multitude of Midlands gentry however one noble (James Lord Audley) and 22 gentry were on the side of the rebels
92
How many men fought in Henry’s army at the battle of Stoke?
12,000 (much larger force than assembled for Richard III at Bosworth), more than a third of nobles fought at Blackheath for their king and the forces arrayed against him included some 4000 semi naked wild Irish kerns
93
How strong was Margaret of Burgundy in reality?
In 1495 she enjoyed independence as a result of her dowager lands but the Intercursus Magnus of 1496 stipulated that neither government would support eachothers pretenders and that if she did not follow this directive she would lose all her lands. In September 1498 she wrote to Henry asking forgiveness for supporting his enemies, she ceased to be politically active five years before her death in November 1503
94
What did Edmund de la Pole (Earl of Suffolk) do in 1501?
Fled to the continent to seek the support of Philip of Habsburg against Henry
95
How did Henry VII keep Maximilian of Habsburg’s successor Philip on his side? 4 points
Gave Philip a loan of £138,000 in 1505, neutralised Suffolk’s power base in East Anglia in order to eliminate any risk of a rising by his tenantry. Suffolk’s attempts to rouse his tenants to rebellion were completely extinguished by Earl of Oxford in the autumn of 1501 with large numbers of his adherents being forced to swear bonds for their good conduct, many de la Pole clients changed allegiances after 1501 and the region was brought under closer royal control as many of these sought service with Thomas Howard (Earl of Surrey)
96
How did Henry VII target Suffolk’s relations after the threat from Edmund de la Pole?
Number of executions including that of Sir James Tyrell, some imprisonments and 17 attainders in the 1504 parliament
97
Identify 3 reasons why Henry did not feel secure 1499 onwards although he had little to fear
The realisation that the Cornish rebellion was not just about resentment against an unpopular tax in a distant region, his heir Prince Arthur died 1502, revelation of the Calais Conspiracy in 1504
98
What was the Calais conspiracy?
Captions of the garrison discussed the virtues of Edward Stafford duke of Buckingham and Edmund de la Pole Earl of Suffolk as worthy successors to Henry but not Henry VIII
99
What was the cause of the Cornwall rebellion?
In January 1497 Henry asked for a parliamentary grant of £88,606 (raised by parliament as a tax) to finance the campaign against James IV and Perkin Warbeck. The Cornish refused to contribute to this tax as it was for the north and had no impact on them
100
What did the rebels do in the Cornwall rebellion? 4 points
Led by Joseph Flammock they set out from Bodmin in May 1497, they marched east and gained their recognised leader James Lord Audley at Wells, they reached the outskirts of London on June 16th, 15,000 camped on Blackheath
101
How did Henry respond to the Cornwall rebellion?
Sent 25,000 troops north for an anticipated clash with James IV but called it back to London, this army was led by Lord Daubeney, killed about 1000 rebels at the battle of Blackheath, leaders of rebels put to death afterwards
102
Identify one success of the Cornwall rebellion
They marched from Bodwin in Cornwall to Blackheath just outside of London without anybody challenging them however there was no viable alternative put forward to replace Henry on the throne
103
When and why was Warwick executed for treason?
Warbeck found himself in the Tower in 1498 and inveigled Warwick into a plot for their joint escape and it was this discretion, combined with a fresh attempt to impersonate him by a young Londoner Ralph Wilford that sealed Warwick’s fate. He was condemned and executed for treason in November 1499
104
Why was army limited under Henry VII? 5 points
He was soon to become wealthy enough to have taken into his pay one of those mercenary armies with which Europe abounded but prudence and parsimony counselled him to keep this form of aggrandisement and expenditure down to a minimum, gunpowder was no atomic bomb revolutionising warfare, cannon did not look impressive in armouries and weapon statements, every able bodied man required when called upon to have weapons ready to fight for his king and country, national weapon was a longbow
105
Why was bastard feudalism a threat to Henry VII?
Local military followings, instead of forming subsidiaries of a national defence system, had developed into private armies which held different parts of the country, and at times the whole kingdom, in their thrall
106
In which two ways did Henry VII deal with bastard feudalism? Give a specific fact about this
Commission of array or the signet letter. Between 1485 and 1497 he issued 11 COA and the men of 26 counties were embodied, many more than once
107
What was the commission of array?
Used for home defence, issues when an army was required to restore order or to repel invasion, it empowered a dozen or more of the notables in the counties concerned to raise the men needed and to conduct them to the scene of operations
108
What was the signet letter?
Used for expeditionary forces or for exceptional emergencies at gone, a personal summons to a magnate to recruit among his own followers
109
Who arrived in Cornwall after the rebellion was over and what did he do?
Perkin Warbeck under the name of king Richard IV. Ten days after landing he appeared before Exeter with 6000 local adherents who penetrated some distance into the city but defenders thrust them out again so they moved onto Taunton.
110
How did Perkin Warbecks Cornwall rebellion under the name of King Richard IV fail?
His army began to melt away while from all the neighbouring counties he nobility and gentry were obeying the real kings summons to join the advancing Daubeney. When the royal host was twenty miles of Warbeck he bolted for the coat with sixty horsemen, leaving his rank to throw themselves on the royal mercy. There were a small number of executions- Warbeck was put under mild detention then hanged
111
When and where was Simnel crowned as Edward IV?
24th May 1487, Dublin Cathedral
112
How did Perkin Warbecks rebellion begin? 4 points
In 1491 his employee took him to Ireland to Ireland to impersonate the English Prince Richard, Henry moved some of his troops to Ireland so Warbeck fled to France, Charles VIII French king perceived him to be prince and offered him refuge but in November 1492 Charles signed a treaty against hiding rebels, by 1493 Warbeck was forced to move in with Margaret of Burgundy where he learned more about the Yorkist court and how it worked, Archduke Philip took over the provenance of Burgundy in 1493 and wouldn’t listen to Henry’s commands to get Warbeck back to have him executed
113
How was the holy Roman emperor involved in the Warbeck rebellion?
In 1494 it welcomed Warbeck who promised that if he died before becoming king he would make Maximilian the king of England. However some spies under cover were English conspirators against the government including William Stanley who aided Warbecks claims. Stanley was executed for treason in 1495
114
Why did Warbeck flee to Scotland and what happened while he was here?
He failed to land at Deal in Kent so fled to Ireland, enlisted Earl of Desmond and was subsequently driven out by Sir Edward Poynings. He fled to Scotland and was welcomed by James IV and married his cousin Lady Catherine Gordon and James invaded England but failed due to being stopped by King Henry
115
What was the cause of the Yorkshire rebellion?
In 1489 Henry granted a subsidy of £100,000 to help defend its ally Brittany which sparked the introduction of a parliamentary tax to finance Henry’s aid to Brittany who were close to marrying into France. Resentment from the fact northern counties were exempted from paying tax as they were expected to undertake the defence of the country against any Scottish invasions, further resentment from bad harvest
116
When and how was Earl of Northumbria killed?
After he put the Northern case forward to the king who agreed, claiming they shouldn’t have to pay this new tax, he was murdered probably by Sir John Egremant (leader of rebellion, illegitimate member of the Percy rebellion)
117
Describe the Yorkshire rebellion in 8 points
Broke out in April 1489 when Earl who had been sent by Henry VII met rebels and a scuffle broke out. Rebels asked for a pardon but were denied it by the king who sent an army of 8000 men north, led by Thomas Earl of Surrey. Rebels dispersed, leader John a Chambre hanged for treason so they found a new leader John Egremant who was unreliable and fled to Margaret of Burgundy court, rebels defeated outside of York by Earl of Surrey who became Henry’s lieutenant in his area, Egremant escaped, rest of rebels pardoned, only collected £27,000 of £100,000 tax voted for by parliament
118
How was Edmund de la Pole punished for his brother John's role in the Simnel rebellion?
Forced to pay £5000 to inherit only some of his father's land, not allowed to inherit his father's ducal title so his parliamentary robes had only three ermine stripes (dukes had four)
119
What did Edmund de la Pole do in 1499 and how did Henry VII respond? 4 points
Killed a man due to appear before the king's court so he was summoned to appear before an ordinary court, he fled to Burgundy in July 1499, Henry issued orders for the arrest of Suffolk's associates, envoys were sent to negotiate his return
120
What did Edmund de la Pole do in 1501?
Fled again with his brother Richard, sought the help of Maximilian and went by the name 'White Rose' to show he was a Yorkist pretender
121
How did Henry VII respond when Edmund de la Pole fled the second time? 3 points
All suspected confederates were arrested: Sir William Courtenay remained in the tower until 1509, William de la Pole languished in the tower until his death 38 years later, Sir James Tyrell (Governor of Guisnes Castle in Calais) and Sir John Wydenam executed
122
How were Maximilian of Burgundy and his son involved in the Earl of Suffolk's rebellion? 4 points
Henry gave him £10,000 (supposedly towards the Emperor's campaign against the Ottomans which never took place) but despite promises Maximilian did not expel the de la Poles, Habsburgs received £250,000 in the form of loans from Henry that were never repaid, Archduke Philip of Burgundy (Maximilian's son) used Henry's insecurity about Suffolk to force trade concessions from England, in January 1505 Henry suspended all trade between the two countries
123
How was the Earl of Suffolk's rebellion brought to an end? 7 points
Death of Isabella of Castile, in January 1506 storm blew Philip on to English coast as he sailed to claim the Spanish throne, Henry gave Philip £138,000 for his expedition and in return he surrendered Suffolk to the English commander at Calais on March 16th 1506 and promised to do what he could to bring about a marriage between Henry and Margaret of Savoy, Philip agreed the Malus Intercursus with highly favourable terms for trading with the Netherlands, Suffolk paraded through streets, imprisoned in tower, executed in 1513
124
Why was Henry threatened by the Earl of Suffolk?
He was a genuine claimant who could have easily ventured round to Ireland and Scotland to receive dangerous assistance or received the backing of a European power
125
Identify Henry's four household councils
The Royal Household, The Royal Chamber, The Privy Chamber, The Household Proper
126
Identify Henry's three advisory councils
The Privy Council, The Royal Council, Parliament
127
Identify Henry's four law courts
The Council Learned in the Law, The Court of the Star Chamber, The Court of Requests, The Court of the Chancery
128
Identify Henry's two local government councils
Regional Councils, Justices of the Peace
129
What was the 'Royal Household'?
Divided into two departments: household above stairs (the Royal Chamber) and household below stairs (the Household Proper). Together the household consisted of approx 500 men
130
What was the 'Royal Chamber'?
The Lord Chamberlain's department which catered to the personal needs of the King. The upper floor of the palace comprised a great hall (used for the monarch's public and formal business) and the chamber (bedroom of the King used for his private and personal business in the company of a few intimate servants)
131
Who was the Lord Chamberlain? 7 points
The officer in charge of the household, the most important figure in court. In charge of all court entertainments, supervised distribution of lodgings in the palace, made arrangements for the King's tours of the country, received Ambassadors/other visitors to the King and conducted them into the royal presence. Assisted by a vice chamberlain (both of them in the Privy Council)
132
What was the 'Privy Chamber'?
Housed the king's private lodging consisting of bedroom, library, study, toilet so was the most influential department in the royal household. Became a separate household department under the command of one or two of the chief gentlemen who assumed the role of the Groom of the Stool
133
Who were the 'Gentlemen in the Privy Chamber'?
This post was created around 1518 by amalgamating the posts of two earlier officers (Esquires of the Household and Knights of the Body). This service consisted of dressing and undressing the King and giving company to him
134
What was the 'Household Proper'?
Under the supervision of the Lord Steward whose concern was the necessities of the monarch and his court (food, drink, lighting, fuel), he was also responsible for the domestic needs of the entire staff
135
Who were below the Lord Steward?
An army of domestics ranging in importance from the controller, the four masters of the household, the master of the jewels and the King's fool down to the children of the scullery and the apprentice cooks of the kitchen
136
What was the Royal Council? 11 points
An elite executive board which was the main permanent institution of government. Members were exclusively men. They advised the ruler, administered the realm, appointed magistrates in the localities, served themselves as justices of the peace in a wild variety of counties, managed national defence, enforced law and order, regulated economic affairs, regulated internal trade, used torture but warrants had to be obtained first
137
Who were the two most favoured members of the Royal Council?
John Moreton who was chancellor from 1487 and was later appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, Richard Fox who served as the King’s secretary and was Bishop of Winchester
138
How did Henry reward nobles who served him well in the Royal Council? 2 examples
Earl of Oxford (John de Vere) was Great Chamberlain and Lord Admiral. Jasper Tudor, Duke if Bedford, became the most powerful nobleman in wales
139
What was parliament? 6 points
The nations most important institution after the Kings Council, each meeting was called by the king and ended by him, seven parliaments sat for a total of 72 weeks in the 24 years of Henry’s reign, parliament formed a point of contact between Crown and nation, agreed to legislation put forward by the King, agreed to extra ordinary finances when the king requested them
140
What was the Council Learned in the Law? 6 points
Small and highly professional legal committee, introduced in 1495 to defend Henry’s position as a feudal landlord, initially dealt with the Duchy of Lancaster and the Chancellor of the Duchy was put in charge of the Council, went on to deal with crown lands, kept up to date records of wardship/marriage/collection of feudal dues that were owed to the king, raised £30,000 1504-8, supervised bonds and recognisances, this council acted without a jury, Henry wanted to increase ordinary revenue streams to avoid relying on parliament for extra ordinary finance
141
Who was Sir Richard Empson?
In 1504 he became Chancellor of the Duchy and President of the Council Learned. He rigorously asserted royal feudal rights and later admitted that people were put under bonds for unjust amounts 84 cases
142
What was the Court of the Chancery?
A court of law in England and Wales that followed a set of loose rules to try to avoid the possible harshness of the common law, had jurisdiction over all matters of equity including trusts/land law/administration of estates of lunatics/guardianship of infants
143
What was the Court of Requests? 4 points
Minor law court in England and Wales, first became formal tribunal with some Privy Council elements under Henry VII, heard cases from the poor and servants of the king, became popular due to low list of bringing a case and the fast processing time which led to anger of the common law judges
144
What was the Exchequer? 5 points
For a number of centuries the crown relied on this to be its basis of finance, function was to receive and pay out money and to audit accounts, employed many people some of whom had the primary function of trying to stop embezzlement and fraud, punishment for crimes committed in the treasury was so severe it put off corrupt officials, very slow in what it did so Henry moved finances to his own chamber
145
What was the Court of the Star Chamber? 6 points
1487 creased by an act of parliament for the creation of star chamber, a tribunal court dealt with lawlessness overseen by councillors, dealt with riots, illegal retaining, perversion of justice, no complex or slow procedures, subject to full common law punishment, not used often
146
What were regional councils? 5 points
Wales and the north of England had their own provincial councils which had existed before Henry’s reign, positive relationship with Henry, any member of central government sent to wales or north was usually well received, sheer distance from London made both regions difficult to govern hence his continuation of the Yorkist policy of delegation, both councils closely linked to the Royal Council as they enjoyed similar administrative and judicial power (both had the authority to swiftly enforce the law and were subordinate to Henry)
147
What were Justices of the Peace? 6 points
Used to extend Henry’s authority at a local level, king communicated with JPs and sheriffs via a series of writs (written ordered that were not open to interpretation), this arrangement worked when the kingdom was at peace, this completely broke down during the wars of the roses and a major problem which faced Henry in 1485 was asserting his authority at a local level, 18 per county, unpaid local landowners
148
Define feudal right
Automatic rights the King assumes upon succession. They have been in place and unquestioned since the Middle Ages
149
What were 2 disadvantages of Henry VII relying on the four people closest to him rather than having a larger circle of advisors like Yorkist rulers?
He could be seen as anti-noble, the people around him may not have correct skills
150
Define feudal due
Traditional rights held by the Crown to demand money, deriving from the principle that the King was the sole owner of all the kingdom's land and everybody else held it as tenants
151
What were 3 advantages of Henry VII relying on the four people closest to him rather than having a larger circle of advisors like Yorkist rulers?
Less influence from people, less chance of factions, stopped nobility having too much power
152
Define common law
Laws derived from tradition and previous cases (precedents) rather than official legislation. This is the general system of law used in legal courts in Tudor times
153
Define extraordinary finance
Taxes that the King has to request when his ordinary finance is not enough, they include feudal dues/clerical taxes/bonds and recognisances/parliamentary taxes/loans and benevolences. These taxes are usually only requested in times of war and crisis
154
Define audit
Official inspection of accounts
155
Define subordinate
Under the authority of another
156
Give 4 points about attainders
Seizing titles and positions of nobles who he suspected of disloyalty, 138 passed but 46 reversed, Sir James Tyrell paid £1738 to reverse an attainder, became harsher towards the end of his reign by passing more attainders
157
Identify 4 ways Henry VII dealt with the nobles’ finance
Attainders, patronage, attacks on retaining, financial controls
158
Give 4 points about patronage
Abandoned Edward IVs policy of distributing lands to loyal followers, number of nobles fell by a quarter during his reign through deaths/ attainders and vacant lands were absorbed into his own, number of noble families fell from 50 to 35, Henry looked to lower status men when he needed royal agents in local communities -these men would get gifts from the crown therefore were loyal as they owed their entire status/wealth to the Henry’s patronage
159
Give 5 points about attacks on retaining
Laws in 1485 and 1504 passed against illegal retaining, 1485 parliament Lords and commons swear not to retain illegally, 1504 Act required nobles to obtain a special licence from the king before retaining, penalty for retaining for £5 per month per man, nobles covered up records of wages paid to servants to avoid getting a license and this meant it was unknown how many men were being illegally retained
160
What was the Order of the Garter?
Founded in 1348 by Edward IV it was the highest order of chivalry. Comprised the king and twenty five elected Knights companions (replaced on death and disgrace), vacancies filled at the annual chapter meeting at Windsor in St George’s Hall, each knight wore a light blue silk garter with a gold buckle and embroidered Tudor roses around his leg.
161
What did Henry VII refuse large noble families to do and why?
Ínter-marry to prevent powerhouse families being created who could challenge the king
162
Define ordinary finance
Taxes that the King has an automatic right to upon succession. These include crown lands, feudal dues, customs duties and legal dues
163
How wealthy was Henry VII in comparison to the French King?
Henry gained £113,000 per year whereas the french King had £800,000 at his disposal
164
Why weren’t Buckingham and Northumberland families a threat to Henry VII?
They had only infants as their primary heir so he could take profits from these estates until the heir was of age (this was called wardship)
165
Define magnate
Member of the higher ranks of the nobility
166
What were church courts responsible for? 4 things
Church administration, offences committed by clergy, proving of wills, issues relating to marriage
167
What were manor courts responsible for? 5 things
Landholding, rights and responsibilities of landlords and tenants, use of common land, responsibilities for drainage and land issues, medieval trading standards
168
What were borough courts responsible for?
Specific judicial rights granted by royal chamber
169
What were the Kings courts at county level responsible for? 3 things
Assizes held twice a year to deal with major criminal and civil cases and presided over by senior Westminster judges, quarter sessions held 4 times a year presided over by JPs to deal with less important criminal cases as well as civil and administrative cases, special commissions set up on an ad hoc basis to deal with major issues such as rebellion
170
Name 8 key individuals in Henry VII's government
John Moreton who was chancellor 1486-1500 and was later appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, Richard Fox who served as the King’s secretary and was Bishop of Winchester became Keeper of the Privy Seal, William Warham was a chancellor, Sir John Hussey was Surveyor of the King's wards in 1503, Sir Edward Belknapp was the Surveyor of the King's preorogative, Lord Dinham was a treasurer and he served under Richard III, Thomas Lovell was treasurer until 1492 then Thomas Heron
171
What was Henry's attitude towards finance?
He avoided conducting an aggressive foreign policy, exploited his legal rights in order to claim special payments from nobles but he can be viewed as a miser as he hoarded a lot of money. However he spent money extravagantly when he wanted to seem more powerful e.g he had a lavish court and paid £30 for a Damsel that danced
172
When were JP's powers enhanced? 3 points
1485 arrest poachers and hunters, 1487 could grant bail, 1495 power to replace jurors
173
What were the crown lands?
Henry inherited all lands held by the Houses of York and Lancaster, Earldoms of Richmond and Warwick, the Duchy of Lancaster and the Principality of Wales. These were further increased by attainders (51 in one parliament alone) and escheats (reversion of land to the King if a tenant died without an heir)
174
When and what was the Act of Resumption?
1486. Henry reclaimed all Crown Lands that had been granted away since the start of the Wars of the Roses but he did not always act on these claims because potential threats to a noble family could be more useful to control them than actually pressing the demand for the return of the land to the king
175
What were the four main payments that the King could demand from the nobles as part of his ordinary revenue feudal dues?
Reflief (paid by an heir when he received his inheritance), marriage (King's right to arrange marriages of the daughters of tenants at a profit), wardship (control of the estates of heirs under adult age which allowed the King to manage these lands for his own profit), livery (payment made by a ward on reaching adulthood and taking control of his lands)
176
How did Henry VII's income from wardship and marriages increase?
From £350 in 1487 to £6000 in 1507 per year
177
What were customs duties?
Paid on goods entering or leaving the country. By the 15th century it was traditional for parliament to grant these revenues to a monarch for life. Money mainly came from tunnage (taxes on exports) and poundage (taxes on imports) particularly the sale of wool, wine and leather.
178
How did Henry VII improve income from customs duties?
Continued to promote trade like Edward IV but introduced certificates for coastal trade and twice updated the Book Of rates which set out charges for imports and exports of a wide range of items. Customs duties rose from £33,000 per year at the beginning of his reign to £40,000 at the end
179
What were legal dues?
Money from fines and other payments made by people appearing in the king's courts (common law courts and courts headed by the Royal Council)
180
How much did Henry VII profit from the attainder of William Stanley?
Immediate payment of £9000 in 1495 then £1000 per year thereafter
181
What were loans and benevolences?
King's right to ask for financial help in particular emergencies, organised by the Royal Council, loans could be requested from both individuals and institutions
182
How did Henry VII improve income from loans and benevolences?
Council Learned in the Law enforced these payments. In 1491 £48,000 raised for war in Brittany of which £9000 was contributed to the city of London
183
What were extraordinary revenue feudal dues?
King was entitled to gifts for special occasions such as when one of his sons was knighted or a daughter married. Gifts paid by leading nobles but Parliament expected to make a grant on behalf of people it represented
184
How much did Henry receive when his son Arthur was knighted?
£30,000 for his knighthood in 1504, 2 years after he died
185
What were clerical taxes?
Special taxes which the king could levy on the church. Clergy exempt from paying taxes to parliament so this form of taxation was the only way of securing money from the church
186
How successful was Louis XI (French King) with foreign policy?
By the time he died in 1483 he had nearly doubled the amount of territory held by the French crown, he left Charles VIII as his heir who was thirteen years old
187
When were Aragon and Castile in Spain United?
1479 (ten years after marriage of Ferdinand king of Aragon and Isabella Queen of Castile) but the southern part of the peninsula was still occupied by the Moors, in 1492 they conquered the last Moorish kingdom Granada
188
What prevented Burgundy from developing into one of the greatest states in Europe?
It’s great duke Charles the Bold died and his territories were divided. The Netherlands went to his daughter Mary who married Archduke Maximilian of Austria in 1477. In 1493 after the death of his father Emperor Frederick III Maximilian was elected to the Imperial throne and the government of the Netherlands devolved upon their son Philip
189
What was the ‘Pale’?
A strip of coast some twenty miles wide and fifty miles long, stretching from just south of Dublin northwards to Dundalk
190
Who was Edward Poynings?
Instead of continuing to rule through the established Irish families Edward Poynings was appointed Kings deputy who was given an army to enforce the kings will with and was accompanied by a number of English officials including financial experts. Also prince Henry was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
191
How was Poynings successful at restoring order in Ireland?
Irish Parliament Met at Drogheda in December 1494 and business began with the attainders of Kildare who was sent prisoner to england and it continued with the passing of numerous acts designed to bring Irish administration under the control of the English crown. Ireland had been pacified by the end of 1495 and Henry returned to the practice of ruling through the magnates, Kildare was therefore reinstated as deputy
192
How did James IV support Warbeck?
Gave him his cousin Lady Catherine Gordon as wife and supported his invasion of England in 1496 but warbeck only gathered 1400 troops
193
What did Henry summon in October 1496?
A magnum concilium which made a grant of money for the proseution of war against the Scots and this was confirmed by the parliament of January 1497 but this led to the Cornwall rebellion
194
How did Henry use the combat between French and Spain (for the possession of rich cities of Italy) to his advantage?
Spain allowed the marriage provisions of the treaty of Medina del Campo to be put into effect. In August 1487 the formal betrothal of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon announced but the princess did not arrive in England until winter 1501
195
What were the navigation acts?
These acts of 1485 and 1489 gave English ships a commanding position in the trade between France and England, based on wine from Gascony and woad from Toulouse. Designed to stop the drain of money on foreign ships
196
When did Henry sign a commercial agreement with France?
1486 which removed the restrictions that had hampered Anglo-French trade but in 1495 they were swept away and in 1497 a new treaty of commerce confirmed the privileges of the English merchants trading with the King of Frances dominions
197
When was the treaty of friendship with Portugal concluded over a hundred years earlier?
1489
198
What did Spain’s navigation acts forbid?
Export of goods from Spain in foreign ships when native ones were available. Trade was confined in one direction to Spanish ships and in the other to English ones so the volume decreased
199
Which area controlled trade in the Mediterranean and how did Henry try to increase English trade here?
The Venetians who imposed a heavy duty upon wines taken from their possessions in foreign ships. Henry could not challenge Venice direct but could intrigue with her rivals e.g Florence. In 1490 he agreed a treaty that the Florentine port of Pisa should be a staple for English wool which should be carried there in English ships, he restricted sale of wool to the Venetians. Venice lifted the improv duties on English goods as they feared Florence would gain trade at their expense. Two years later he imposed a heavy duty on wines brought to England in Venetian ships
200
What did Maximilian agree to in December 1507?
His grandson and ward Charles (son of Philip and nominal ruler of Netherlands) married Henry’s daughter Mary
201
What was the Bristol company of ‘Adventurers in the New Found Lands’?
Formed in 1506 and backed Sebastian Cabot’s next voyage in which he probably explored Hudson Bay and the North American coast
202
What was the Hanseatic League?
Germán cities who dominated trade of Northern Europe whose headquarters was at Lübeck. They could live where they pleased, sell certain goods retail, were partially exempt from taxation, paid lower duties on goods they exported than those which were paid by English merchants. England was dependent on the Hanse for a considerable part of her foreign trade so in March 1486 Henry confirmed privilegies of the Hanse in England
203
What happened to the Steelyard in 1493?
London mob attacked it (this is where the Hanse were based in London), Henry paid little compensation and demanded £20,000 as security for the Hansards promise that they would not trade with the the Netherlands while an embargo was in force. Henry claimed that the Hansards privilege of importing goods at a low rate of duty applied only to items originating from Hansa towns and territories and not to those which the merchants gathered from all over Europe
204
When did Henry make an alliance with Denmark?
1489 extended in 1490 and this gave English merchants freedom to trade in Norway and Denmark and the right to fish in Icelandic waters
205
What did the first navigation act order?
Future wines from Guienne and Gascony be imported only in English ships with a predominantly English crew
206
What did the second navigation act add to the first?
The provision that English merchants should not import any goods in foreign ships when English ones were available
207
What was ship building like at the end of Henry’s reign?
Only five ‘Kings ships’ which included the 600 tonne Regent, which carried 225 guns and the Sovereign with 141. Constructed the navy’s first dry dock at Portsmouth and developed Thames ports and established arsenals like Greenwich and woolwich
208
How was Henry VII personally involved in trade?
He imported alum which was essential for the manufacture of soap and in 1505-6 he made £15,000 from the sale of this commodity. He hired our royal ships, made interest deee loans to English and foreign merchants on the condition that their trade benefitted the customs by an agreed amount
209
When did Henry introduce a new Book of Rates and how did this affect customs?
1507. Customs rose by over 20% from some £33,000 in 1485 to more than £40,000 by 1509
210
What percentage of trade between England and the Netherlands did English merchants have and the Hanse?
English some 53% and the Hanse a further 24%
211
When and what was the anti french alliance?
During Winter 1488-9 henry came to diplomatic agreements with Burgundy, Brittany, Spain
212
What was the Brittany Crisis?
When the minor Charles VIII came to the French throne his sister Anne of Beaujeu was acting as regent and sought to marry her brother to Duke of Burgundy (francis who was old and had no male heirs)'s eldest daughter Anne in order to bring Burgundy into France. Maximilian sent 1500 troops to Brittany, Spain sent 1000, French noblemen Alain d'Albret sent 4000 (he and Maximilian hoped to marry Anne and acquire Brittany)
213
How did Henry respond to the Italian Wars (1494-1509)?
France invaded Italy in 1495, Henry joined Holy League in 1496 but maintained favorable relations with France as established at Etaples in 1492. In 1497 Henry signed a trade treaty with Franceand renewed Treaty of Etaples in 1498 with Louis XII
214
What was the Castillian Succession Crisis?
Isabella of Castile dies November 1504 and Ferdinand is now only King in Aragon, eldest daughter Joanna inherits larger territory Castile and marries Archduke Philip in 1496 (ruler of Burgundy, heir to Holy Roman Empire) so Castile absorbed into Holy Roman Empire, Henry had alliances with both Philip and Ferdinand but England’s cloth trade depended on links with burgundy
215
How did Henry respond to the Castilian Succession Crisis? 8 points
Henry began to extricate England from the Spanish alliance and Henry from the marriage to Catherine of Aragon in order to support Philip, Ferdinand in alliance with France, Intercursus Malus trade treaty signed but never implemented due to fierce opposition from Burgundy. Possible marriage plans: Henry VII to Margaret of Austria (Philips sister), Prince Henry to Eleanor (Philips daughter), Mary to Charles (Philips son) but none took place. Henry recognised Joanna and Philip as monarchs of Castile, funded their venture of £138,000 by cancelling loans. Tried to settle a marriage between himself and Joanna after Philips death September 1506 (which led to Ferdinand taking control of Castile again) but failed. France Spain and HRE form league of Cambrai aiming to attack Venice in 1508 but England left out
216
How was Spain a newly unified force in the late fifteenth century? 5 points
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile became joint monarchs in 1479. Their priorities were to drive the Moors (Muslims) out of Granada in the south of Spain and they started this conquest in 1482, they wanted to secure their northern border by retaking the territories of Cerdagne and Roussilon (seized by France in 1462) and by capturing the French supported territory of Navarre. Ferdinand had an inherited claim to Naples
217
What was Italy like in the late fifteenth century? 5 points
Existed as a number of wealthy and competing states, the principal ones being Milan, Venice, Florence, Naples and the Papal States. It was geographically and commercially the crossroads of Europe, it was hugely wealthy and experiencing a cultural revolution (the Renaissance), France and Habsburg Empire Gad dynastic claims to Italy they wished to pursue
218
What was the Holy Roman Empire? 4 points
Stretched over much of Central Europe and comprised about 20 million inhabitants and a myriad of different states. The empire was large and strong, had claims and ambitions in Italy, acquired burgundy when Maximilian (emperor from 1493-1519) married Mary of Burgundy in 1477
219
How many new knights of the Garter did Henry VII install?
37- more than 3 previous kings
220
Why was John de la Pole Earl of Lincoln the greatest threat to Henry?
Eldest son of Duke of Suffolk, he had attached himself firmly to Richard III and by him had been chosen in place of his cousin Warwick as heir presumptive
221
How did Henry deal with the Brittany crisis? 5 points
In jan 1489 he summoned a parliament which voted £100,000 for raising an army but this provoked the Yorkshire rising and only £27,000 ended up being collected, Treaty of Redon signed 1489 between France and burgundy, Treaty of Dordrecht Feb 1489 between Henry and Maximilian, Treaty of Medina del Campo March 1489 between Spain and France but Henry alone in his war against France when Spain is drawn into a war in Granada, Henry raised £181,500 from parliamentary grants and benevolences
221
How did the Brittany crisis come to an end?
Henry landed at Calais October 1492 and a month later laid siege to Boulogne, invaded with 26000 men, only 12 men killed in battle, Charles was keen to concentrate on his Italian wars so peace was agreed two days later in the Treaty of Etaples
221
How was the conflict between England and Scotland resolved?
Truce of Ayton September 1497, Treaty of Perpetual Peace 1502
221
What was the treaty of Perpetual Peace?
Signed in 1502, Margaret’s marriage to James IV finalised and took place in August 1503. Unsuccessful because border raids continued and Franco-Scottish alliance grew stronger however did secure and stabilise the Scottish border for the rest of Henry’s reign
221
What was the treaty of Redon?
Feb 1489 bound Henry to send 6000 troops to burgundy and in return Anne pledged to pay for them and not marry or form alliances without Henry’s permission, Henry sent only 3000 troops perhaps to avoid antagonising the French however he may have wanted to win back territory such as Normandy or Guyenne
221
What was the treaty of Dordrecht?
Feb 1489 Henry agreed to send 3000 troops to help Maximilian’s army who was under siege from Flemish and French forces but Maximilian did not send the troops he was supposed to to help Henry in Brittany, instead Maximilian made peace with France
222
For what percentage of English exports in Henry’s reign was the cloth trade responsible for and why?
90% because there was an increase of over 60% in the volume of cloth exports
223
Who were the Merchants of the Staple?
Incorporated by royal charter in 1319, they controlled the export of wool; their staple was bas3 at Calais (an English possession) from 1363 but the eventual decline in wool trade reduced the company’s importance
224
Who were the Merchant Adventurers?
Founded in 1407, dominated by members of the Mercers’ Company, a trading organisation which came increasingly to dominate London’s cloth trade with Antwerp
225
What other industries were important in Tudor England?
Tin mined in Cornwall, lead mined in upland areas eg Pennines, coal mined in Durham and Northumberland, iron ore mined and smelted in Weald of Sussex and Kent. The development of basic pumping technology first recorded in County Durham in 1486 enabled greater production
226
When and why did Henry put an embargo on trade without the netherlands?
1503 as a result of the fear and insecurity brought about by Margaret of burgundy’s support for Perkin Warbeck. This required merchants to direct their trade through Calais rather than directly to the Netherlands
227
What was the Magnus Intercursus trade treaty?
Ended the embargo on trade with the Netherlands in 1496, set down that English merchants would be granted swift and fair justice and that effective arrangements would be put in place for the resolution of disputes, English merchants could export to any part of the Duke of Burgundy’s lands apart from Flanders. Philip of Burgundy confirmed this treaty in 1499
228
What happened with trading restrictions during Henry II’s reign?
Trading restrictions which had been in place since Edward IVs reign were removed in 1486, but reimposed in the following year as a result of Henry’s support for Brittany but largely removed again by the treaty of Etaples of 1492 (a treaty which tried to encourage Anglo French commercial relations), most of the remaining restrictions were removed in 1497
229
Who was John Cabot?
Appears to have arrived in Bristol in 1494 and 1495 when Bristol fish merchants had been excluded from Icelandic waters by the Hanseatic League. Cabot received authority form Henry VII to search for alternative fishing grounds all over the world, he sailed in 1497 and located what can be known as Newfoundland. The following year he set off on a second expedition but never returned
230
Who was Sebastian Cabot?
Johns son who received sponsorship from Henry VII and led an unsuccessful attempt to find the ‘north west passage’ to Asia in 1508
231
What Act was passed in 1489 with regards to export of English wool?
Limited the export English wool and made it illegal for foreigners to buy wool for making into cloth on the continent which reflected the needs of the important cloth industry in England and by the end of his reign export of raw wool was 30% lower than in 1485
232
How did Henry try to encourage the English cloth trade?
Trading agreements with the rulers of burgundy who controlled the port of Antwerp. By 1509 English merchants were shipping more than half the cloth exported to Europe
233
Describe the English society in the late 15th century
Exceedingly stratified. The apex of the system of the system under the monarch comprised the great landowners and senior churchmen; the base of the system comprised those who laboured on their behalf. The society also witnessed the growth of a professional and mercantile bourgeoisie.
234
What effect did the Black Death have on the English society?
The Black Death of 1348 and 1349 had increased social mobility and had created alarm amongst more conservative minded membrrs of the upper classes who passed sumptuary laws which proved unenforceable.
235
How many men was the peerage (nobility) comprised of?
50 or 60 men
236
How many knights were there in 1490?
375
237
How much of England's land did peers and knights own?
15 to 20 per cent
238
What was an 'esquire'?
The eldest sons of knights, the younger sons of barons, magistrates and others of wealth.
239
Why was the Church hugely important?
It was a great landowner
240
What did Pope Martin V declare and what did this cause Henry to do?
This Pope between 1417 and 1431 declared that the King of England governed the Church in England rather than the Pope. He appointed as bishops only men who had legal training and whose administrative competence was valued more than their spirituality
241
Describe the commoners in the towns and cities
At the top level of the commoners was the middling sort (bourgeoisie), the relatively small number of educated professionals exercised considerable influence. Lower down the social scale were shopkeepers and skilled tradesmen who dominated the borough corporations and played a key role in organisations such as guilds and lay confraternities
242
Describe the commoners in the countryside
The middling sort comprised yeoman farmers who farmed substantial properties for an increasingly sophisticated market economy. The decline in population after the Black Death reduced the demand for land and land values dropped which enabled the emergence of this group. Below yeoman were husbandmen who typically kept smaller farms than yeoman and supplemented their farming incomes through employment by yeoman or gentry. Yeoman and husbandmen can be described by the term ‘peasant’. Labourers were dependent for income on the sale of their labour but sometimes supplemented their irregular income through the planting of vegetables or the exercise of grazing rights
243
How were local identities reinforced in the English society in the late 15th century?
Saints’ cults placed importance on centres of pilgrimage such as Canterbury and Durham
244
What percentage of the population lived off the land?
90%. In a good farming year families may have a surplus to sell, bad harvests were linked to social uprisings
245
How many sheep were there compared to the number of humans?
4.5 million sheep to 2.8 million humans
246
What did growing profitability of wool lead to?
Pressure on nobles to make more money out of their land and caused enclosure of common land which peasants relied upon, landowners put up hedges.
247
What was engrossing?
Process of merging fields to create larger fields so less peasants needed, caused vagabondage
248
Explain regional divisions in the English society in the late 15th century
A line drawn roughly from mouth of Tees to Weymouth in Dorset. Three quarters of population live below the line, south and east of it corn and grass farming predominated counties especially Norfolk, Suffolk, Kent due to rich soils. Pasture farming predominated in more sparsely populated areas to the north and west with rearing of sheep, cattle and horses due to thin soils/mountains/moorlands
249
When and what was the Vagabonds and Beggars Act?
1494. Act of Parliament passed during the reign of Henry VII. The Act stated that "vagabonds, idle and suspected persons shall be set in the stocks for three days and three nights and have none other sustenance but bread and water and then shall be put out of Town.
250
How was society structured?
Great Chain of Being - hierarchical structure, chain starts with God
251
What was education like under Henry VII?
Dominated by church, Oxford and Cambridge exist but largely train the church elite but across the period more nobles/gentry pursue education, scholars like Erasmund (a dutch humanist) gain popularity
252
What did humanists believe? 4 points
Thought about power and potential of mankind, believed in ending church's control of education and studying the ancient philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, all learning should be opened up to men and women, humanists attack church's exploitation of practices like indulgences (documents from the Pope to cancel purgatory)
253
When was the Printing Press brought to England?
1476 from Germany. Henry VII created post of King's printer in 1504
254
Give 4 points about health under Henry VII's reign
Long term impacts of Black Death (many villages abandoned or had no firm economic base), major epidemics of plague repeated every 4 years throughout 15th century until 1479-80, Henry's reign coincided with the end of these outbreaks and there were good harvests 1485-1490s (sign of good fortune), this led to population increase and pressure on land
255
Describe towns under Henry VII's reign
700 towns ranging from London with 50,000 inhabitants to places like Banbury with 1000 inhabitants, medium sized towns in decline
256
Give 3 points about the position of the nobility during Henry VII's reign
50 peers when Henry became King, extinction rate of nobles was 25% on Edward IV's death due to nobles dying without an heir but replacement rate was 31%, nobility dominated by super nobles who held massive estates and dominated power in a particular region (often the King's own family)
257
Where did the lowland zone's inhabitants live?
Tight-knit or nuclear villages which were integrated into into a highly organised manorial system
258
Where did the highland zone's inhabitants live?
Scattered in isolated farmsteads or hamlets, and manorial supervision and communal regulation of agricultural activities were more difficult to enforce than in lowlan areas
259
When were acts put in place to limit eviction of families?
1489 and 1498
260
How did towns suffer when Henry VII came into power?
Towns like York which had earlier done well out of the woolen cloth industry suffered from the exodus of weavers to rural areas where they were free of restrictive egulations and could supplement their low wages by gathering fuel from the wastes and keeping a few cows or sheep on the common pastures. York also suffered from the decline in international trade and overseas trade was generally centred in London
261
Which 4 towns flourished when Henry VII came into power?
Southampton with its natural harbour was a principal port for trade with Italy and Mediterranean, Exeter was a major regional centre, Norwich doubled its population in the fifteenth century and was a market for products of the cloth industry, Lavenham in Suffolk had less than a thousand inhabitants but was one of the twelve richest towns in England due to the making of cloth
262
What did Henry do abroad to help him financially?
Created private accounts, meant he didn’t have to impose so much taxation
263
How did Henry try to disrupt the Hanseatic league?
Encouraged two main companies to take part in the trading of wool (The Merchant of Staple and the Merchant Adventurers), he formally recognisedMerchsnt Adventurers as major importe of cloth twice in 1486 and 1505 to encourage their growers and fine them an edge over the Hanseatic league but this had little impact and his attempts to expand trade into the Baltic states were blocked by the Hanseatic league
264
How many times did Henry VII meet with the Royal Council in his reign?
Only 5 times will full council (227 members) but Council Attendant developed (inner circle of 7-24 councillors who change around according to the issue)
265
Describe the royal council
Full royal council only met 5 times in times of emergency, no committees or sub committees, continuity of personnel between yorkist and Lancastrian reigns
