Henry 8th

Question 1

When did Henry 7 die?

Answer 1

21st April 1509

Question 2

How were Henry 7 and Henry 8 different?

Answer 2

Henry 7
Self-control, severe and cold, isolated himself, very clever
Henry 8
Athletic, impulsive, big ego and extravagant, wanted to be traditional kind I.e. brave, courageous, executed 2 of fathers closest advisors Dudley and empson

Question 3

Who was Thomas Wolsey?

Answer 3

Born in Ipswich in 1475 - went to Magdalen college, Oxford
Ordained 1498 and became chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury - later became chaplain to Henry
Administrator to crown and church

Question 4

How did Henry’s disinterest help Wolsey to rise?

Answer 4

Henry didn’t want to leave affairs in hands of his father’s servants e.g. Dudley and Edmund so meant he wasn’t picky on who helped run the country
Very careless at legal affairs and wanted someone to do run the affairs

Question 5

How did his charm and opportunism help Wolsey to rise?

Answer 5

He had a good ability at entertaining his audience - he was sociable, witty and convivial
He would be enthusiastic about the kings ideas and spoke about him very highly - flatterer and hard worker
He had a close relationship to Henry

Question 6

How did his intelligence and industry help Wolsey to rise?

Answer 6

He demonstrated phenomenal organisation skills when in charge of French expedition
Got his first degree at 15 and recognised that a career in church as best high road o fame
Travelled to Flanders to the court of Maximilian and as there and back in 3 days
He ignored rights of people in opposition so Henry’s wishes were met

Question 7

How did patronage help Wolsey to rise?

Answer 7

1498- Chaplain to Archbishop of Canterbury
1507- Chaplain to Henry 7
1514-1530 Archbishop of York
1515-1529 Chancellor
1518 appointed Legate latere by Pope and had authority to reform both secular church and monastic system

Question 8

How was successful/failure was Henry’s foreign policy aim in 1509-1515 of being King of France?

Answer 8

Success
Able to capture Therouanne and defeat French cavalry force
Seized Tournai (internationally recognised city)
French promised to pay the arrears of the French pension (previously negotiated by Henry 7)
Failure
First attempt 1512-1513 achieved nothing but cost a lot of money
Many of Henry’s monsters weren’t supportive of his wars w France
Lack of finances meant Henry couldn’t return to France in 1514

Question 9

How was successful/failure was Henry’s foreign policy aim in 1509-1515 of his military glory?

Answer 9

Success
Wolsey equipped 30,000 men for 2nd attempt
Forces defeated a French cavalry force “Battle of Spurs”
Failure
English army in 1st attempt were ill-disciplined, poorly organised and only acted as a distraction
Campaign chasten English finances and so army couldn’t return to France

Question 10

How was successful/failure was Henry’s foreign policy aim in 1509-1515 of National Security?

Answer 10

Success
Drawn into Holy League in 1511
The Scottish invasion was disastrous and King James killed and Scottish threat removed as James 5 was only 17months old
Henry’s sister was to marry Louis x11
Failure
Scottish intervened on behalf of French in 1513
Francis forced pope into a treaty
Ferdinand and Maximilian could be won over by bribes
During 1st attempt Spain only supported for own benefit I.e lands in Pyrenee

Question 11

How was successful/failure was Henry’s foreign policy aim in 1509-1515 of Prestige?

Answer 11

Success
2nd attempt left Henry feeling triumphant
Tournai was an internationally recognised city giving Henry glory
Battle of spurs turned into propaganda victory
Henry claimed he lived up to valour and military leadership of a king
Defeated Scotland giving him glory
Failure
King Francis was much like Henry - won against the undefeatable Swiss
Battle of spurs was more a skirmish

Question 12

How was successful/failure was Henry’s foreign policy aim in 1515-1530 of being King of France?

Answer 12

Success
Charles 1 was in charge of Spain and HRE meaning he was powerful enough to challenge French
At Battle of Pavia in Feb 1525, Charles took Francis giving perfect time o capture French throne
Failure
Response to attack was difficult as treasury as almost empty
Wolsey sacrificed Tournai in peace treaty
Henry couldn’t seize 1525 opportunity as couldn’t afford it
Signed peace treaty’s with France I.e. Treaty of More

Question 13

How was successful/failure was Henry’s foreign policy aim in 1515-1530 of his military glory?

Answer 13

Success
Wolsey promised Charles to declare war on France in Francis refused to take peace - Treaty of Bruges 1521
Treaty of Amiens promised to attack Charles with military
Failure
England invaded France in 1523 but Charles abandoned him in favour of invading Italy so English army returned home in dismay
Wolseys attempts to act as a counterweight between Francis and Charles failed showing they weren’t strong militarily
Treaty of London didn’t give Henry any military glory

Question 14

How was successful/failure was Henry’s foreign policy aim in 1515-1530 of National Security?

Answer 14

Success
Treaty of London 1518 - center was Anglo-French treaty and everyone had to sign separate treaties with England
1520- both Francis and Charles wanted Henry as an ally
Treaty of Bruges 1521
Treaty of More 1525
Treaty of Westminster 1527 - response to Hapsburg family
Treaty of Amiens 1527 - response to sack of Rome
Failure
Francis persuaded Henry’s sister Mary to marry duke of Suffolk so Henry couldn’t use her as a pawn to make alliances
Treaty of Noyon - France making peace with Charles (and later max)
Treaty of London undermined by Charles election
Charles and Francis ended war with League of Cambrai 1529

Question 15

How was successful/failure was Henry’s foreign policy aim in 1515-1530 of prestige?

Answer 15

Success
Treaty of London brought glory and prestige as England seen as a pivotal player
The field of the cloth of gold in May 1520
Failure
Making Mary’s wedding private and w/o blessing undermined Henry
French invasion of 1523 was lose of prestige and £400,000(another years income)
1529 League of Cambrai left England out until last minute highlighting diplomatic isolation

Question 16

What were some of Wolseys legal reforms?

Answer 16

Court of star chamber - cases against powerful given early hearing
Court of chancery - permanent judicial system committee to deal with cases brought about by poor
Sir Amyas Paulet was threatened by Wolsey that he’d confiscate his property if he left London w/o his permission

Question 17

What were some of wolseys financial reforms?

Answer 17

Subsidy - parliamentary tax
In 1523, Henry wanted around £800,000 for a campaign with France but caused an outcry and only got £300,000
1525 sent out commissioners to collect Amicable Grant but in East Anglica 10,000 men assembled at Lovenham in opposition
Income from crown lands dropped from £400,000 to £25,000

Question 18

What were some of Wolseys social reforms?

Answer 18

Between 1518-1529 action taken against 264 landowners
Small impact - 1523 parliament Wolsey gave him any gains made
Most of his actions taken against nobles/gentry which added to resentment e.g. interfered with their marriages
1517 enquiry identified enclosed lands and buildings that had been demolished when land was converted from arable to pastures

Question 19

What were some of Wolseys administration reforms?

Answer 19

Parliament only summoned twice - 1515 and 1523
However 1515 one caused problems over church affairs and 1523 only summoned for issues with war
Eltham Ordinances 1526- improved finances and efficiency of the privy chamber and kings household
However it appeared to limit access of others to king and increased Wolseys influence
No.of Gentlemen of Bedchamer was reduced from 12 to 6

Question 20

What was the great matter?

Answer 20

The kings attempt to end his marriage with Catherine of Aragon via annulment

Question 21

What is an annulment?

Answer 21

An annulment states a marriage was never legal

Only pope has right to grant an annulment as divorce wasn’t allowed in Roman Catholic Church

Question 22

What were 4 main reasons Henry wanted an annulment?

Answer 22

Male heir - wanted a son and Catherine was getting old
Love- fallen in love with Anne Boleyn
Bible - Henry claimed his marriage was condemned by Bible
Foreign - Pro-French foreign policy made Catherine a less useful marriage partner

Question 23

What passage did Henry use to support bible argument?

Answer 23

Leviticus 20:21
If a man marries his brothers wife, they will die childless
Henry found a scholar called Richard Wakefield who said that “childless” meant “male childless” in Hebrew texts

Question 24

When did Wolsey and Henry’s lawyers take first secret steps towards an divorce?

Answer 24

17th May 1527

Question 25

Why was a legitimate heir an important factor?

Answer 25

If marriage was illegitimate it meant Mary was too
Many relatives of Edward 4 who could take throne
Catherine was in early 40s and Henry stopped sleeping with her in 1525

Question 26

Why was Henry’s love for Anne Boleyn an important factor?

Answer 26

In feb 1529 Campeggio said Henry’s love was “something amazing and in fact he sees nothing and think nothing but Anne”
Henry wrote series of love notes to her
However Anne refused to become Henry’s mistress/sleep w him until she was certain she would become Queen

Question 27

Why did first attempt to obtain a divorce fail?

Answer 27

It required present pope to admit that a previous pope had made an error but he had been kidnapped
It also brought matter to international attention and made harder for papacy to give way

Question 28

Why did Henry blame Charles v and Pope Clement for his failed annulment?

Answer 28

The pope was controlled by Charles after sack of Rome and he wanted to protect Hapsburg family from stigma of divorce
He preferred to keep Henry in an heiress marriage

Question 29

Why did he second approach to get an annulment fail?

Answer 29

It was to say there was an error in dispensation

However, Catherine’s advisors found a slightly differently worded version which satisfied the objections

Question 30

Why did the 3rd approach to get an annulment fail?

Answer 30

Involved persuading pope to allow case to be heard in England in hopes power would fall to a Papal Legate aka Wolsey
However compromise made and was a decision between Wolsey and campeggio but he took a very long time to get to England
Once he reached England, it was clear he had no intention of reaching a verdict
July 1529 suspended the proceedings for summer arguing courts in Rome had such a break

Question 31

Why was Wolsey worried about Anne’s influence?

Answer 31

Anne was more involved in politics than Catherine was meaning she was more likely to influence decision making which’d decrease Wolseys influence

Question 32

What did Henry do after final failure at getting an annulment?

Answer 32

Led to Henry using the charge of praemunire against Wolsey - I.e accusing Wolsey of upholding Papal Law without kings permission
Allowed king to confiscate all his property and imprison him

Question 33

What happened to Wolsey?

Answer 33

He was released and returned to exile in York but was arrested and brought to London
However, he died on 29th November 1530 at Leicester on his way to London