HENRY 8 Flashcards
When was Henry 8 proclaimed as king?
23rd April, 1509
2 days after his father’s death
What was one reason Henry 8 was said to be a breath of fresh air by Thomas More ?
He was well educated (humanism)
He was also a young king so it was thought his reign would provide some stability
What kind of government did Henry 8 inherit from his father Henry 7?
Conciliar government- decisions were made through a council. It was made of nobles churchman and laymen.
What kind of foreign policy did Henry 7 leave behind?
A peaceful foreign policy between neighbouring kingdoms (France, Scotland, Holy Roman empire)
How much did Henry 7 leave behind for Henry 8 to inherit?
£300,000- through unpopular mechanisms for extracting money - Henry 8 shut some of those down
what kind of society and religion di d henry 7 leave behind for henry 8?
He left behind Catholicism
He also left a society that wasn’t rigid the lines were more blurred.
What kind of economy did Henry 7 leave behind for Henry 8?
Cloth and wool trade was very high increase by 60%
Merchant Adventures controlled most trade
Tin mining in cornwall, lead in the penines and coal in Northumberland and Durham flourished
There was multiple avenues of revue like crown lands, bonds and recognises, council learned in law, extraordinary revue
What were the years that Henry had a conciliar government?
Governing through Councils = (1509 - 1514 )
How was Henry’s attitude to government different to his father’s?
He thought State papers were painful and tiresome
Loved to stage sudden interventions, impacted the quality of decision making
Lacked work ethic: Pass time with good company. Evident in Courtly activities like sports, pageants and tournaments
What were henry 8th aims regarding the nobility?
HIs relationship was dominated with military ambition ( cancelled bonds and recognizes and council learned in law)
the son’s of many of the nobles joined henry in his sports
They assisted his foreign military interventions
But he favoured chief ministers over nobles in terms of rewards and recognition especially
What were Henry 8th aims in terms of foreign policy?
He was in pursuit of military glory so he pursued a hostile foreign policy and was at constant (and expensive) was with France
But there was an odd alliance with France against the Holy Roman Empire and Spain
But also another one where he recognised Charles V of Spain and The Holy Roman Empire
What were Henry 8th aims in terms of Marriage ?
Got married to Catherine of Aragon on 15th June 1509 who helped with policy making
He was eager for a male heir but he eventually got tired of Cathy as she did not give birth to a son and she was 5 years older than him
What other things did Henry do to appease the Nobles and become more popular with them?
Disbanded councils (Council Learned in Law abolished by Act of Parliament in 1510) and placed power in the hands of a chief minister
- Arrested those loyal to Henry VII and his methods: Richard Empson, Edmund Dudley
- Executed some of the arrested (over a year later), including Empson and Dudley
Who was Thomas Wolsey?
He was from humble beginnings his father was a butcher
English statesman and Catholic cardinal. When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509
often depicted as the alter rex (“other king”).[4
1518 Wolsey was made Papal Legate in England,
1515 appointed lord chancellor
He was applauded on his administrative and organisation skills
What were the two main functions of Parliament under Henry viii’s reign? (similar to farther’s)
pass laws and grant extraordinary revenue
How did Henry VIII approach the mundane aspects of governing?
He was less concerned with the mundane aspects of governing and left it to councillors and chief ministers.
How often did Henry VIII summon Parliament before 1529?
He summoned Parliament only four times before 1529: 1510, 1512, 1515, and 1523.
How many times did Henry VIII summon Parliament under Wolsey?
once
How did Henry VIII’s approach to Parliament change under Cromwell?
A: Henry summoned Parliament more often under Cromwell.
What was Henry VIII’s initial approach to Parliament in comparison to his father?
A: Henry VIII’s early use of Parliament was similar to his father’s, as it was dependent on his own needs and the needs of his Chief Minister.
What does Henry’s interaction with Parliament depend on?
A: Henry’s interaction with Parliament was largely based on his own needs and the needs of his Chief Minister.
Q: What marked the end of conciliar government for Henry VIII?
A: The end of conciliar government came due to several reasons, including Henry VIII’s desire for more control over decision-making and the reluctance of his father’s councillors to go to war with France.
Why did Henry VIII want to end conciliar government?
A: Henry VIII wanted more control over decision-making as he learned to govern.
Who influenced Henry VIII’s shift away from conciliar government?
A: Henry was surrounded by like-minded young courtiers who were suspicious of his father’s ‘old guard’.
What impressed Henry VIII about Thomas Wolsey?
A
: Henry VIII was impressed by Thomas Wolsey’s organizational skills during the French campaign.
What were Thomas Wolsey role before he became the cheif minister?
He became chaplain to the archbishop of Canterbury and later chaplain to Henry VII, who employed him on diplomatic missions.
What were the 4 areas Wolsey tried to control while he was Chief Minister?
Management of the church
foreign policy
Domestic policy
Legal system
How did Thomas Wolsey try to control the Privy Chamber?
Young nobles loyal to Henry become Gentleman of the privy Council
1519 switched out Nobles With his own Gentleman to try and influence the king as many of the young nobles in the privy chamber distrusted Wolsey. (but some recovered their position)
It can still be argued that The Privy Council was out of the control of Wolsey
Why would Wolsey want control over domestic and legal policy?
If he controls the domestic and legal policy he is technically in control of all of England and can use Henry as a figure head
Legal policy so he can prosecute and punish his enemies
Domestic he can make the country loyal to him so his position in the court becomes so strong that Henry is unable to remove him from his post
What was the court of Chancery ?
Main court of equity in the kingdom, Used justice when looking at cases rather than solely on the strict reading of common law
What did the court of Chancery deal with?
enclosure, (fencing land and deeding it to specific owners) contracts, land left in wills
What was a drawback on the success of the court of Chancery?
Too popular - clogged up system (slow justice), too many cases came through the court of chancery.
True or False
Wolsey’s most distinctive legal contribution was the court of star chamber
True
Established in 1487 by Act of Parliament (offshoot of King’s Council)
Combination of government and justice and became the centre of both under Wolsey.
What exactly was the court of star chamber and how exactly was it beneficial to society? 1487
It was so effective that it was given a motive to be extended in 1516 because it was cheap and fair justice (heard cases of misconduct by locally dominant figures)
Encouraged court of star chamber for Private lawsuits
set up “overflow tribunals” due to overpopulation
When was the court of requests created?
1519
what was another branch of the Star Chamber ?
1519: permanent committee to deal with cases of the poor (would later become court of requests)
What does the term “subsidy” historically refer to?
A:
Historically, a subsidy refers to a grant issued by Parliament to the sovereign for state needs.
What was the Tudor Subsidy of 1523?
A:
The Tudor Subsidy of 1523 was a grant issued by Parliament to Henry VIII to raise funds for state needs, including military expenses.
Under Henry VII, what was expected from taxpayers, including the nobility, in terms of extraordinary revenue?
A:
It was expected that taxpayers, including the nobility, would provide extraordinary revenue through parliamentary taxation when required.
How did Wolsey change the way subsidies were collected?
A:
Wolsey replaced local commissioners with a national committee that he headed, ensuring tax collection was a more realistic reflection of wealth.
What was the result of Wolsey’s new system for collecting subsidies?
A
: The new system led to a more accurate and realistic collection of taxes, reflecting the true wealth of taxpayers.
How did Wolsey use his new tax collection system to raise money?
A:
Wolsey used the system to raise money for Henry VIII’s war with France, though the funds were not sufficient.
What was the “Amicable Grant” of 1525?
A:
The Amicable Grant of 1525 was an attempt by Wolsey to raise unparliamentary taxation, but it led to widespread resistance.
What was the King’s great matter?
And whose job was it to solve it?
It was Henry 8th desire to divorce Catherine of Aragon as she had not given birth to a male heir only their daughter Mary. Also the fact that he had fallen madly in love with Anne Boleyn and she was about to give birth so he needed to Marry her.
WOLSEY
Why was the king’s great matter such an issue?
Henry needed a male heir to carry on his dynasty
Annulment?
When Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage, Cromwell helped Parliament endorse the king’s claim to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England, giving him the authority to annul his own marriage.
How exactly did Wolsey try and get an annulment for Henry?
What Arguments did he use?
request a papal dispensation to annul his marriage to Catherine
Posed a problem for Wolsey who had to secure the annulment.
The issue become more pressing with the fact that Anne believed she was pregnant
Leviticus 20:21
“If a man shall take his brother’s wife, it is an unclean thing…they shall be childless.”
What kind of arguments did Catharine of Aragon use to try and escape this annulment?
Catherine claimed the Arthur marriage had never been consummated.
Biblical ban on the marriage, therefore, did not apply.
What is cannon law?
= church law
Why was 6th May 1527 so significant for resolving the King’s great matter?
Charles V attacks Rome!
The emperor, Catherine’s nephew, was not prepared to see his family humiliated.
What kind of effect did Charles V controlling Rome have on the likelihood that Henry would be granted an annulment?
Pope Clement VII was not in a position to do so, for on 6th May 1527 Rome had been sacked by the troops of the Emperor Charles V and the Pope was in effect the emperor’s prisoner.
How did a failure to secure an annulment lay the cards for Wolsey’s downfall?
After two years, 1529: Pope sends Cardinal Campeggio to hear the case for Henry’s annulment
Case opens: 15th June
Case adjourned (by Campeggio): 30th July, failed to give Henry and annulment.
October: Wolsey charged with praemunire and he surrendered all he had to Henry, including Hampton Court
4th November 1530: arrested
29th November: died at Leicester Abbey, he cheated the executioner’s axe
To what extent was Wolsey’s downfall self inflicted?
Wasn’t
My opinion = because of the king’s great matter
Conciliar Government
A government in which decisions are made by a council.
Praemunire
A parliamentary statute enacted in 1393 to prevent papal interference in the Crown’s right to make church appointments.
The ‘King’s Great Matter’
The annulment of Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon and his desire to marry Anne Boleyn.
Annates
Revenue paid to the Pope by a bishop or other cleric on their appointment; effectively church taxes collected in England and sent to Rome.
Statute Law
Acts of parliament
Canon Law
The law of the Church.
Collectanea Satis Copiosa
A collection of documents compiled by Cranmer and Foxe to justify Henry VIII’s divorce on legal and historical grounds.
Submission of the Clergy
The formal surrender of the Church’s independent law-making function.
Supplication against the Ordinates
Supplication was a form of petition, addressed by the king by the House of Commons and directed against alleged abuses of ordinary jurisdiction.
Anti-Clericalism
Opposition to the clergy for its real or alleged influence in political and social affairs, for its privileges, or for other reasons.
Annulment
A declaration that a marriage is legally invalid, authorized by the Pope.
Groom of the Stool
The most intimate of the British monarch’s courtiers, entrusted with private matters and royal secrets.
Subsidy
A grant issued by Parliament to the sovereign for state needs.
Eltham Ordinances
Reforms of the Privy Chamber’s finances.
Amicable Grant
Introduced by Wolsey to raise money for war, described as a free gift for the king but effectively a heavy tax.
Q: Who was Thomas Cromwell? A:
Thomas Cromwell was an English lawyer and statesman who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII from 1532 to 1540.
When was Thomas Cromwell born and when did he die? A:
Thomas Cromwell was born in 1485 and was beheaded on 28 July 1540
What role did Thomas Cromwell play in the English Reformation?
A: Thomas Cromwell was a strong and powerful proponent of the English Reformation, helping to reshape England’s religious and political landscape.
What significant event did Cromwell help engineer for King Henry VIII? A:
Cromwell helped engineer the annulment of King Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon so Henry could marry Anne Boleyn.
Q: How did King Henry VIII get his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled?
When Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage, Cromwell helped Parliament endorse the king’s claim to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England, giving him the authority to annul his own marriage.
What other schemes did Wolsey use to try and get Henry 8 marriage to Cathy annulled?
1527, Wolsey brought Henry before a fake court to “accuse” him of living in sin with his “supposed” wife. Catherine refused to accept, and in accordance with canon law, appealed to the pope.
What was Thomas Cromwell’s background before rising to power? A:
Thomas Cromwell came from a humble background and was a lawyer by profession.
What role did Thomas Cromwell have before becoming Chief Minister? A:
Cromwell served as secretary to Cardinal Wolsey.
What was the significance of Cromwell’s rise to power? A:
Cromwell’s emergence ended the phase of conciliar government, which had been in place after Wolsey failed to resolve the King’s Great Matter (KGM)
: How did Cromwell help resolve the King’s Great Matter (KGM)? A:
Cromwell proposed that Henry VIII break with Rome to secure his annulment and make himself the head of the Church, thus resolving the KGM.
When did Cromwell become Chief Minister? A:
Cromwell became Chief Minister in 1532.
Who became Cromwell’s enemy due to his rise to power? A:
Cromwell made an enemy of Thomas Howard (Duke of Norfolk), Anne Boleyn’s uncle, who was hostile towards Cromwell’s religious reforms.
How did Cromwell’s influence compare to that of Wolsey? A:
While Cromwell never enjoyed the same range of influence that Wolsey had, he did dominate the government.
How steps did Cromwell take to become a prominent figure?
Exploit weaknesses of the catholic church
Pressure pope clement 7th
utilisation of Parliament
How were both the divorce and break with Rome achieved? A:
Both the divorce and break with Rome were accomplished through the use of statutes of law (Acts of Parliament), which established their supremacy over canon law (Church law).
What weakened the Catholic Church as an institution in England? A:
The Catholic Church was weakened by the rise of Humanism and anti-clericalism, as exemplified by figures like Simon Fish.
Who was Christopher St German, and what did he do in 1528? A:
Christopher St German was a lawyer who challenged the Church’s legal supremacy in 1528, asserting the superiority of English law over Church canon law.
How did Christopher St German’s actions prepare for the attack on the Church’s power? A:
His challenge to the Church’s legal authority helped lay the groundwork for a parliamentary attack on the Church, which was orchestrated by Thomas Cromwell.
What was Collectanea Satis Copiosa? A:
Collectanea Satis Copiosa was a collection of documents by Thomas Cranmer and Edward Foxe, which tried to justify Henry VIII’s divorce by quoting legal and historical principles
How did Collectanea Satis Copiosa impact the relationship between royal and ecclesiastical power? A:
According to John Guy, the Collectanea Satis Copiosa “redefined the boundaries between royal and ecclesiastical power,” asserting that English kings had both secular and spiritual authority over the Church.
How did European universities react to Henry VIII’s desire for separation from the Church? A:
Some European universities were favourable to Henry’s position, supporting his desire for separation from the Catholic Church.
How did the measure 1531
Clergy collectively accused of praemunire (and then fined)
It had a significance and impact Sustained attack on the Clergy and the forcing to recognise the monarch as ‘Protector and Supreme head of the English Church’ (but only as far as ‘the law of Christ allowed’)
How did the measure - 1532
Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates
It had a significance and impact Withhold first year’s income from the office of bishop (Pope had previously enjoyed said income)
how did the measure - 1532
Supplication against the Ordinances (House of Commons)
It had a significance and impact Increase anticlerical pressure and support within the Commons
How did the measure - 1532
Formal submission of the clergy to Henry VIII
It had a significance and impact Provoked resignation of Thomas More as Lord Chancellor
Anne Boleyn pressed the annulment issue by agreeing to sleep with Henry, hoping pregnancy would push things along.
True
False
True
Thomas Cranmer was appointed as the new Archbishop of Canterbury by the Pope.
True
False
True
Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII were married publicly on 25th January 1533.
True
False
False - secret ceremony
Thomas Cranmer annulled Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon in May 1533.
True
False
TRue
Anne Boleyn was crowned Queen of England after the annulment of Henry’s marriage to Catherine.
True
False
TRue
Princess Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 and was considered legitimate according to English law.
True
False
True
The problem of succession was completely solved by the birth of Princess Elizabeth.
True
False
False - not fully solved
Thomas Cranmer was a Cambridge academic who came to Henry VIII’s attention through Collectanea Satis Copiosa.
True
False
T
Thomas Cranmer was later burned for heresy under Queen Elizabeth I.
True
False
F False (He was burned for heresy under Queen Mary I.)
William Warham was a key political figure under Henry VIII but retained his political influence throughout his reign.
True
False
False (William Warham lost political influence under Henry VIII.)
What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533)?
A:
This act declared that all spiritual cases, including appeals to the Pope, were subject to English law and the king’s authority. It effectively stopped appeals to Rome, reinforcing Henry VIII’s control over religious matters.
What did the Act of Supremacy (1534) establish?
A:
The Act of Supremacy declared Henry VIII the Supreme Head of the Church of England, making the English monarch the highest authority in both secular and religious matters in England, thus formally breaking from the Catholic Church.
What was the purpose of the Act of Succession (1534)?
A:
The Act of Succession declared Anne Boleyn’s children as the legitimate heirs to the English throne, confirming the annulment of Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon and making their marriage and offspring legal according to English law.
What did the Act of Suppression of the Monasteries (1536) accomplish?
A:
This act authorized the dissolution of monasteries and the transfer of their wealth and property to the Crown, weakening the power of the Catholic Church in England and increasing Henry VIII’s control over religious institutions.
Q: What was the Act for the First Fruits and Tenths (1534)?
A:
This act imposed taxes on the clergy’s incomes, redirecting the revenues that had once gone to Rome to the English Crown, further reducing the Pope’s influence in England
How did the Treasons Act (1534) contribute to the break from Rome?
A
: The Treasons Act made it treasonable to deny the royal supremacy or to uphold papal authority, further consolidating Henry VIII’s break with Rome by punishing those who rejected the king’s religious authority.
What was the impact of the reforms on the relationship between England and the Catholic Church?
A
: The reforms destroyed the relationship that had existed for almost a millennium between England and the Catholic Church, as royal supremacy was established.
What was the significance of the dissolution of monasteries (1536-1542)?
A:
The dissolution of monasteries led to the confiscation of Church property and wealth, weakening the Catholic Church’s influence and transferring control of resources to the Crown.
How did Parliament’s role change after the break from Rome and the establishment of the Church of England?
A:
Parliament’s power as a strong governmental body increased significantly, especially through acts like the Act of Supremacy (1534), which confirmed royal authority over the Church.
How did Henry VIII use the property confiscated from monasteries?
A:
The property and riches seized during the dissolution of monasteries were granted or sold (often at reduced prices) to fund Henry VIII’s aggressive foreign policy.
Was the success of the dissolution of monasteries long-lasting?
A:
A: No, the success was short-lived as the property was often distributed in ways that did not ensure long-term financial stability for the Crown.
What did Anne Boleyn want in terms of religious reform?
A:
Anne Boleyn wanted more Protestant reform within England, which influenced her relationship with Henry VIII.
Q: What threat did Thomas Cromwell face due to Anne Boleyn’s influence?
A:
Cromwell felt that his relationship with the king, and therefore his life, was threatened due to Anne’s growing influence and her push for reform.
What did Cromwell do in response to his threatened position?
A:
A: Cromwell aligned himself with the conservative factions at court and plotted against Anne, accusing her of flirtation and using it as evidence of adultery.
How did Anne Boleyn’s position change in January 1536?
A:
Anne’s position weakened after the death of her predecessor, Catherine of Aragon, which made her free to marry from a Catholic perspective.
What were the accusations made against Anne Boleyn in 1536?
A:
Anne Boleyn was accused of adultery, incest, and technically treason, which were all punishable by death.
What other rumor surrounded Anne Boleyn besides the charges of adultery and incest?
A
: There were rumors of witchcraft surrounding Anne Boleyn, further damaging her reputation.
When was Anne Boleyn executed?
Anne Boleyn was executed on 19th May 1536.
What significant event happened shortly after Anne Boleyn’s execution?
A
On 30th May 1536, Henry VIII married Jane Seymour, just 11 days after Anne’s execution.
What happened to Jane Seymour in 1537?
A
: Jane Seymour died in 1537, shortly after giving birth to Henry VIII’s only male heir, Edward VI.
What did Cromwell suggest in 1540 regarding Henry VIII’s marriage?
A:
In 1540, Cromwell suggested that Henry marry Anne of Cleves, a German Protestant princess with ties to the League of Schmalkalden.
Why was Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne of Cleves quickly annulled?
A:
A: The marriage was annulled due to personal and political issues, and the failure of the union contributed to the destruction of Cromwell’s credibility.
How did the Duke of Norfolk play a role in Cromwell’s downfall?
A:
The Duke of Norfolk, who had political ambitions, forged Cromwell’s downfall by offering Henry a new wife, Catherine Howard (another niece of Norfolk), thus replacing Cromwell’s influence at court.
What charges were brought against Cromwell before his execution?
A:
Cromwell was accused of heresy and treason.
Flashcard 6: Q: When was Thomas Cromwell executed, and what was significant about the timing?
d
A: Cromwell was executed on 28th July 1540, the same day as Henry VIII’s wedding to Catherine Howard
What form of government returned after Cromwell’s fall?
A:
Conciliar government returned, but it was in a different form than before, with a fixed membership in the Privy Council
What role did Secretaries play in the new form of government?
A:
The Secretary was responsible for keeping records, helping to manage the functions of the Privy Council.
How was Henry VIII’s control debated after Cromwell’s fall?
A:
Henry’s control was debated: some believed he was firmly in control, while others thought he was weak and prey to court factions.
Who were the key conservatives who held power after 1540?
A:
The key conservatives who held power after 1540 were Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, Stephen Gardiner, and Thomas Wriothesley.
How did Henry VIII’s marital issues contribute to the shift in the balance of power?
A:
Henry’s marital issues, including his marriages to Anne of Cleves and Catherine Howard, played a significant role in shifting the balance of power towards the conservatives at court
Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
-privy council member
Uncle of Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard
- Gained favour via marriages of nieces to Henry
- Came into conflict with Cromwell
- Vital in the downfall of Cromwell
Stephen Gardiner
- privy council member
Gained favour via Wolsey
- Principal secretary to HR
- Bishop of Winchester
- Supported break with Rome
- Conservative Catholic
- Imprisoned by Edward VI
- Favourable with Mary I
Thomas Wriothesley
-privy councily
- Gained favour via Cromwell
- Joint principal secretary in 1540
- Attached himself to Gardiner after Cromwell’s downfall
- Lord Chancellor in 1544
- Switched sides when involved in Norfolk’s downfall in 1546
What happened as Henry VIII’s health deteriorated?
A:
As Henry VIII’s health deteriorated, political rivalries at court intensified, with factions vying for power
Who was Norfolk’s main rival in the court after 1540?
A:
Norfolk’s main rival was Edward Seymour, who was also Edward VI’s uncle.
Q: How did Henry, Earl of Surrey, damage his family’s reputation?
A
: Henry, Earl of Surrey, damaged his family’s reputation due to his arrogance, which eventually led to his execution.
What halted Norfolk’s execution?
A:
Norfolk’s execution was ordered, but it was halted by Henry VIII’s death on 28th January 1547.
What happened to Norfolk after Henry VIII’s death?
A
: After Henry’s death, Norfolk became a prisoner under the reign of Edward VI.
What issues surrounded Catherine Howard’s relationship with Henry VIII?
A:
A: Catherine Howard was sexually experienced and faced allegations of an affair with her distant cousin, Thomas Culpepper, which led to a scandal
How did the allegations regarding Catherine Howard affect Henry VIII?
A:
The allegations of Catherine’s affair devastated Henry VIII, leading to her downfall and execution.
How did Norfolk’s position weaken further during Henry VIII’s later marriages?
A
: Norfolk’s position weakened further by Henry’s marriage to Catherine Parr, as she was a Protestant and had more influence at court.
What happened on 13th February 1542 involving Catherine Parr and her lady-in-waiting?
A:
On 13th February 1542, Catherine Parr and her lady of the bedchamber were executed for treason, although Catherine herself was spared, and the accusations were later revealed to be false.
What did Norfolk try to do in response to Catherine Parr’s influence?
A:
Norfolk tried to accuse Catherine Parr of heresy due to her Protestant beliefs.
How did Norfolk aim to benefit politically in the court?
A:
Norfolk wanted to benefit politically from a marriage between his family and the king, as his niece, Catherine Howard, married Henry VIII.
What was the outcome for some of Norfolk’s relatives after Catherine Parr’s execution?
A:
Some of Norfolk’s relatives were implicated and disgraced in the wake of the treason charges against Catherine Parr.
Why what initial relations like with France at the start of Henry 8th reign?
Treaty of Etaples renewed in 1510 by councillors
Henry had war-like sentiment towards France
Sent Christopher Bainbridge (Archbishop of York) to persuade Pope Julius II to enter anti-French alliance, this led to the creation of the Holy League
What countries were in the Holy League against France ?
1514 -1526
England
Spain
The papacy
Venice
The holy Roman Empire
What were some positives of the Holy League for England?
Helps establish England as a strong European power
Good cooperation with other powers against France
Continuing good relations established by Henry VII: Spain, HRE
What were some Negatives of the Holy League for England?
Henry being used by Ferdinand of Aragon and Maximilian I of the HRE as a tool.
Highlights England & Henry’s inferiority in regards to European power.
What was the first force against France led by England and the Holy League?
1512: English army of 10,000 sent to southwest France (led by Marquis of Dorset)
Used by Ferdinand as a diversion whilst he conquered Navarre
1513: Henry led his own force – ‘Battle of the Spurs’
Minor skirmish that secured the towns of Thérouanne and Tournai- territorial gains?
In 1512, who led the English army of 10,000 sent to southwest France?
A
: The Marquis of Dorset.
What was the purpose of the English army being sent to southwest France in 1512?
A: It was used by Ferdinand as a diversion while he conquered Navarre.
: What year did Henry VIII lead his own force to France?
1512
What battle did Henry VIII lead his force in 1512?
A: The Battle of the Spurs.
Was the Battle of the Spurs in 1512 significant ?
A
:no It was a minor skirmish that secured the towns of Thérouanne and Tournai.
What did the Battle of the Spurs result in for England?
A:
Territorial gains, specifically the towns of Thérouanne and Tournai.
When did the Battle of Flodden take place?
A:
September 1513.
Who led the Scottish force that crossed into England in 1513?
A:
James IV.
How large was the English force that opposed the Scots at the Battle of Flodden?
A
: The English force was small and hastily assembled by the Earl of Surrey.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Flodden?
A:
The Scottish were defeated by the English force.
What happened to James IV and much of the Scottish nobility after the Battle of Flodden?
A:
James IV and most of the Scottish nobility were killed.
After the Battle of Flodden, who ascended to the Scottish throne?
A:AND HENRY DIDNT EXPLOIT IT
James V, who was only 17 months old at the time.
Why was Henry VIII’s militarism in 1513 costly?
A:
The war was expensive, forcing Henry to liquidate inherited assets to finance the warfare.
What was the consequence of the taxation imposed in Yorkshire to fund Henry VIII’s 1513 campaign?
A:
The taxation caused rumblings that could have led to a revolt.
What financial loss did Henry VIII experience after his 1513 militarism?
A:
The pension from France (Etaples) was lost.
What happened to the town of Tournai after the 1513 campaign?
A:
Tournai was eventually sold back to France at a cheap price.
Why was the planned French campaign in 1514 halted?
A: It was halted because Ferdinand and Maximilian made peace with France.
Who tried to improve the situation after the 1514 French campaign was halted?
A:
Cardinal Wolsey.
What financial achievement did Wolsey accomplish after the 1514 campaign was halted?
Recovery of the Estaples pension
What can be said about Henry’s foreign policy?
No clear theme to foreign policy pursued by Henry and Wolsey.
What diplomatic success did Wolsey secure for Henry VIII in 1514?
He secured the marriage of Mary (Henry’s younger sister) to King Louis XII of France.
What are the 3 points that Henry 8th foreign policy can be linked too?
Territorial Gains
Securing the succession
Military might
What can be said about England compared tot he other countries on the European stage?
England remained a relatively minor power and could not really compete on level terms with the major powers of France and Spain.
Why was England consistently humiliated under Henry the 8th?
Henry overestimated English power. Wolsey then had to frame the details of foreign policy based on that false assumption
How did Anglo- French relations have an effect on Anglo-French relations?
The ‘auld-alliance’ between Scotland and France remained strong. When England and France were on amicable terms there tended to be few issues with Anglo-Scottish relations. On the other hand, clashes between England and France almost always led to increased tension between England and Scotland
Why was Henry unable to continue his conflict with France?
Henry had run out of money by 1514 to continue with his war-like foreign policy
Unable to exploit Scotland’s weaknesses after Flodden and James IV’s death.
How did Wolsey try and improve Anglo-French relations?
Sought peace with France – reinforced through the marriage pact between his younger sister Mary to the French king, Louis XII. The marriage however was short-lived. (age difference)
How did the European Landscape change between 1513 and 1516?
Most of the kings like Maximillian and ferdinand replaced by Charles V, Louis 11 replaced by Francis 1 and James 4th replaced by James 5 had passed away. so There was a fresh new set of kings on the throne
Who became the king of France in 1515 after the death of Louis XII?
A: Francis I.
What did Francis I want to do after becoming king of France in 1515?
A: He wanted to seek an alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon of Spain.
(but his death stopped it)
What happened to Mary (Henry VIII’s younger sister) after the death of Louis XII?
A: She returned to England and married Suffolk.
What does “heir presumptive” mean in the context of the Duke of Albany?
A: Heir presumptive means that Albany was first in line to the throne, but his position could be displaced if the infant James V had a legitimate child.
Q: Who was the heir presumptive to the Scottish throne during this time?
A: The Duke of Albany.
What was Henry VIII’s intention after Louis XII’s death in 1515?
A: Henry wanted an alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon, but Ferdinand’s death halted this plan.
Why did Charles, Ferdinand’s successor, affect Henry’s diplomatic plans in 1515?
A: Charles wanted an alliance with Francis I instead of Henry
What was the Treaty of Cambrai in 1517?
A: The Treaty of Cambrai ended the war between France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain, leaving England isolated.
Why did the Duke of Albany’s position as heir presumptive alarm Henry VIII and Wolsey?
.
A: It alarmed Henry and Wolsey because Albany’s French connection and position as regent made the Anglo-Scottish relationship unstable, threatening England’s security
Why did Francis I move to attack Anglo-Scottish relations?
A: Francis I attacked Anglo-Scottish relations because the Duke of Albany, the heir presumptive to the Scottish throne, was French and later became regent of Scotland.
Who was responsible for ending England’s isolationism in the early 16th century?
Cardinal Wolsey
What was the Treaty of London, and when was it signed?
A: The Treaty of London was signed in 1518 and was a non-aggression pact between England, France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and smaller states.
Why was the Treaty of London organized in 1518?
A: It was organized by Wolsey at the request of Pope Leo X, who desired a united Christian front against the Ottoman Turks.
What was the main goal of the Treaty of London?
A: The main goal was to create an anti-Ottoman alliance among European powers.
What significant position did Pope Leo X appoint Wolsey to in 1518?
A: Wolsey was appointed papal legate over England by Pope Leo X.
What was Wolsey’s position in 1518, and why was it significant?
A: In 1518, Wolsey was at the height of his power and prestige as Henry VIII’s chief minister.
: What were the origins of the Treaty of London in 1518?
A: The Treaty of London originated from peace negotiations between England and France.
What did France agree to in order to improve relations with England?
A: France agreed to the return of Tournai to England and reaffirmed the pension agreement.
Why was France concerned about Spain after 1519?
A
: France was worried about Spain’s growing power after Charles I ascended to Holy Roman Emperor in 1519.
How did France contribute to ensuring peace on the Anglo-Scottish border?
A: France agreed to keep the Duke of Albany out of Scotland, helping to ensure more peaceful relations on the Anglo-Scottish border.
What was the significance of the good relations between France and England in the early 1520s?
A: The good relations led to the most expensive and extravagant diplomatic encounter of the period: the 1520 Field of the Cloth of Gold.
What major diplomatic event took place in 1520 as a symbol of Anglo-French cooperation?
A:
The Field of the Cloth of Gold.
How long did the Field of the Cloth of Gold event last?
A: It was a two-week event.
Where did the Field of the Cloth of Gold take place?
.
A: It took place in France, but close to Calais, which was English territory at the time
What was the “Beard controversy” during the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
A: The “Beard controversy” involved a dispute between Henry VIII and Francis I, which was later resolved when Francis professed that their love for each other was “not in their beards but in their hearts.”
: What activities were involved during the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
A: The event featured hospitality, drinking, eating, and socializing.
: How much did the Field of the Cloth of Gold cost to stage?
A:
It cost the treasury £15,000 to stage.
What was the outcome of the wrestling match between Henry VIII and Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
A:
Henry VIII lost to Francis I in the wrestling match.
What was Francis I unable to do at the Field of the Cloth of Gold?
A: Francis I couldn’t draw Henry VIII’s longbow so henry won.
What did the Treaty of Bruges entail?
A:
The Treaty of Bruges (1521) was an agreement between Henry VIII and Charles V, where England and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles V) agreed to support each other in military actions against France. It also involved Mary Henry’s daughter marrying Charles
Why would Henry VIII side with Charles V?
A:
Better relations with the Pope. Gain territory from France. Marriage deal between Charles and Henry’s daughter Mary (still a child).
What was the impact of English military attacks on France in 1522 and 1523?
A:
Costly. Parliament was resistant to provide the necessary extraordinary revenue.
What was the Battle of Pavia, and how is it relevant when examining Henry VIII’s foreign policy?
A:
Major battle of the Italian Wars. Francis I was captured and held captive by Charles, for a time. England was on the side lines. Demonstrates the power of Charles, Holy Roman Emperor.
What were the potential consequences of the fracturing of the Anglo-Imperial alliance?
A:
Henry put in his place by Charles after the latter rejected Henry’s proposal of invading France. Henry hated Charles even more when he refused to marry Mary. Massive blow to Wolsey’s prestige.
What led Henry and Wolsey towards a pro-French alliance?
A: The fracturing of the Anglo-Imperial alliance and their support for the League of Cognac.
What was the Treaty of Amiens (1527)?
A
: An anti-Imperial alliance with France that ended hostility between England and France.
How did Wolsey attempt to pressure the emperor?
A
: By imposing a trade embargo on Burgundian lands.
What was the consequence of the trade embargo imposed by Wolsey?
A:
Charles retaliated, causing widespread unemployment and social problems in England, forcing Wolsey to back down.
What happened at the Battle of Landriano (1529)?
A: Charles defeated the French.
How did the sacking of Rome affect the Pope?
A: It increased Charles’ influence over the Pope.
What was the Peace of Cambrai (1529)?
A: An agreement where Charles forced France to give up their Italian ambitions.
What did the Peace of Cambrai highlight about the political landscape in Europe?
A
: It made clear that the dominant individual in Europe was Catherine of Aragon’s nephew, Charles V, who was committed to family honor.
Why could diplomacy not resolve the ‘KGM’?
A: Diplomacy failed to resolve the ‘KGM’ (likely referring to the King’s Great Matter, which was Henry VIII’s desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon), leading to Wolsey’s downfall.
How did the death of Catherine of Aragon and execution of Anne Boleyn in 1536 impact England’s relationship with Charles V?
A: It offered hope that the wounds with Charles V might heal.
How did the Franco-Imperial fighting in 1536 affect England’s isolation?
A: It could potentially reduce England’s isolation.
: Why did Francis I and Charles V never unite against Henry VIII?
A: They did not trust each other and both had other priorities instead of focusing on Henry/England.
What was the Treaty of Nice (1538)?
A
: An agreement between Charles V and Francis I to sever ties with England.
What was the significance of the papal bull from Pope Paul III in 1538?
A: It declared Henry VIII deposed, stating that English Catholics did not have to obey him.
: What did the Pope do to rally support against Henry VIII?
A: The Pope sent envoys to France and Scotland to rally a crusade against Henry.
Why didn’t Francis I and Charles V unite against Henry VIII?
A: They never trusted each other and both had other priorities instead of focusing on Henry or England.
: What characterized the 1532 alliance between England and France?
A: It was fragile, with both England and France in weak positions, unable to pressure the emperor.
Why did the fragile alliance between England and France unravel?
A:
Francis I wanted to marry his son to the Pope’s niece, which caused tensions.
How did Henry VIII’s break with Rome in 1532 affect Europe?
A:
It shocked Europe, but luckily for Henry, Charles V was more concerned with the Ottomans, so there were no immediate repercussions.
After his break with Rome, who did Henry VIII turn to for support?
A:
Henry turned to the League of Schmalkalden, a Protestant alliance.
What is The Schmalkaldic League?
, an alliance of Lutheran princes and cities that pledged to protect each other from any religiously motivated attack lasted for sixteen years
How did Henry VIII initially view Ireland during the early part of his reign?
A:
He had few concerns over Ireland, with English authorities maintaining control over the Pale.
What event fueled tensions in Ireland during Henry VIII’s reign?
A:
The revival of the Geraldine-Butler feud.
What happened to the relationship between Kildare (Gerald Fitzgerald, 9th Earl of) and the Crown?
A: The relationship between Kildare and the Crown broke down.
Why was it difficult to rule Ireland with Kildare, and why was it impossible without him?
A: It was difficult because of the breakdown in relations, but it was impossible to rule without him due to his influence and control over Irish affairs.
What triggered the 1534 rebellion in Ireland?
The rebellion was in anger over the dismissal of Kildare, led by his son, Thomas Fitzgerald, the Earl of Ossory.
How difficult and costly was it to suppress the 1534 rebellion in Ireland?
A: It was difficult and costly to suppress.
How did the English Crown try to govern Ireland during this time?
A: The Royal government attempted to govern through an English-born deputy with a military presence, which drained Crown resources.
What happened in 1539 in Ireland?
A: The Pale was invaded by Gaelic lords.
When was the Kingdom of Ireland established?
: Ireland was considered a separate kingdom in 1541.
What English laws were imposed on Ireland?
A: English laws were imposed across Ireland, though Gaelic lordship counties remained.
What happened to some Gaelic lords in Ireland after the invasion of the pale ?
: Some Gaelic lords were granted peerage titles and the same legal protections as the English.
Why did the English Crown struggle to enact reforms in Ireland?
A: The English Crown lacked the resources to effectively enact reforms in Ireland.
What was the issue with Irish loyalty to the English Crown?
A: There was a lack of loyalty to the English Crown from the Irish population.
How did religious differences affect English-Irish relations after 1534?
A: Religious tensions grew after 1534, exacerbating divisions between the Irish and the English Crown.
What was Henry VIII’s approach to foreign alliances in the 1530s?
A: In the 1530s, Henry sought alliances and worked to minimize foreign response to his break with Rome.
Q: How did Henry VIII’s foreign policy change in the 1540s?
A: In the 1540s, Henry adopted a more aggressive foreign policy, similar to his approach in his early years.
What was the result of Henry VIII’s invasion of Scotland in 1542?
A: Henry achieved immediate military success.
Why did the Scots have to fight against England in 1542?
A: The Scots were unable to meet English demands, forcing them into conflict.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Solway Moss in 1542?
A: It was an English victory.
: What happened to James V of Scotland after the Battle of Solway Moss?
A: James V died on December 14, 1542.
Who became the queen of Scotland after James V’s death?
A:
James V’s one-week-old daughter, Mary, became queen, with the Earl of Arran serving as regent.
What was Henry VIII’s stance after the death of James V and the rise of Mary as queen?
A: Henry VIII could have launched a full-scale invasion of Scotland, but his main interest was an invasion of France, not pursuing further action against Scotland
What was Henry VIII’s idea for a diplomatic union with Scotland?
A: Henry VIII wanted a marriage between Prince Edward and Queen Mary of Scotland.
Who supported Henry VIII’s idea of the marriage between Prince Edward and Queen Mary?
A
: The Scottish regent, the Earl of Arran, supported the marriage proposal.
How did the Scots feel about Henry VIII’s proposal for a marriage between Edward and Mary?
A
: Scots were suspicious, and they refused to have Mary raised in England.
What was the Treaty of Greenwich (1543)?
A: It was a formal betrothal (engagement) between Prince Edward and Queen Mary of Scotland.
What happened after the Treaty of Greenwich was signed?
A: The Earl of Arran retracted his support, and the Scottish Parliament refused to accept the treaty.
What action did Henry VIII take after the rejection of the Treaty of Greenwich?
A: Henry VIII ordered the Earl of Hertford to raid Edinburgh, Leith, and St. Andrews as revenge.
: In 1544, why did Henry VIII lead a massive army into French territory?
A: Henry was desperate for military glory, despite health problems and concerns from his councillors.
What did Henry VIII realize about the planned march on Paris?
A: Henry realized that a march on Paris would not work, despite having agreed to it with Charles V.
How did Charles V respond to the conflict with France in 1544?
A: Charles V grew bored of the conflict and made peace with Francis I.
What did Francis I do in 1545 to prepare for a potential English invasion?
A: Francis I sent troops to the Anglo-Scottish border to guard against an English invasion.
What was the outcome of the Battle of Ancrum Moor in 1545?
A: The English were defeated at the Battle of Ancrum Moor
What event occurred when the French landed in England in 1545?
A: The French landed in the Isle of Wight
What significant naval disaster occurred in 1545?
A: The Mary Rose, an English warship, sank in the Solent, the stretch of water between the Isle of Wight and mainland England
Why did peace come in 1546 between England and France?
A: Peace was achieved because the French couldn’t retake Boulogne, the invasion of northern England never happened, and both sides lacked the money to continue the conflict
What made funding the war with France in 1546 difficult for Henry VIII?
A: Henry faced challenges due to a lack of extraordinary revenue, the sale of Crown estates, borrowing large amounts of money, and debasing the coinage
What was the impact of Henry VIII’s financial policies during the war?
A: Henry’s financial policies, including selling Crown estates, borrowing large sums, and debasing the coinage, were unsustainable and caused economic strain.
What were humanist and renaissance ideas?
Move away from religion dominating education
Move to a greater focus on art, literature and science. They both linked because both of these ideologies believed that religion should not be the main focus in religion
Who were leading humanists in England and were was there influence the largest?
More/Erasmus/Colet
Improving education, teaching methods, curriculum / the wealthy and elite circles / religion & politics
who was seen as the most influential humanist and what did he have the largest influence in?
Sir John Colet
Colet’s influence at St. Paul’s School, London:
School’s governors were city folk rather than clergymen
Curriculum and teaching methods derived from humanistic principles (including Erasmus)
Head teacher = William Lily (humanist)
what were the Platonist principles?
Platonist educational principles (pupils should be future public servants, teaching boys who would become prominent in religion and politics of Tudor England)
Where else was humanist ideology very prominent??
Colleges like Cambridge and oxford and by 1847 the curriculum was embedded with humanism -Greek at Oxford
Wolsey founded a college, and school in Ipswich – pushing educational improvement
What were the catholic church’s weaknesses in England?
corruption
Anti-clericalism
a decline in Monasticism
Elaborate on how a decline in Monasticism was a weakness in the catholic church
Wolsey 1520’s: dissolved 20 houses to fund Cardinal College, Oxford
Large monasteries seen as businesses
what were the different types of corruption in the church?
Pluralism (taking profits from more than one post)
Simony (buying church posts)
Non-residence (taking money for job but not being there to do job)
What is Anticlericalism and who were some figures who believed this?
Opposition to importance of clergy
Objection to church law
1529: Simon Fish ‘Supplication of the Beggars’ (attacks clergy)
Key example: Richard Hunne (Lesson Case Study)
Tell me about Richard Hunne
Richard Hunne is said to have died via suicide in December of 1514 after being accused of heresy after accusing the catholic church of corruption
But it is widely believed that he was murdered
what was the supplication of the beggars?
Simon Fish wrote his incendiary pamphlet Supplication for the Beggars during his second exile in Antwerp. The 16-page pamphlet accused the Roman Catholic Church of everything from avarice to murder to treason.
Was there any evidence of early Protestantism at the start of Henry’s reign?
Little evidence of the beliefs after Luther’s 1517 attack on the Church
Early reformers from Cambridge met at White Horse pub in 1520’s
Significant member: Cranmer (later Archbishop)
Some members burned for heresy under H8
Overall - little evidence pre-reformation
Overall, what is some evidence on early humanist reform?
Cranmer’s role
Final years of Henry’s reign:
Cranmer in favour
John Cheke (humanist) hired to tutor Edward
Roger Ascham (humanist) hired to tutor Elizabeth
Katherine Parr - educated with humanism
what is some evidence against early humanist reforms?
Key humanists (Sir Thomas More) executed for opposing reformation
Not all reformers were humanists
Some Humanists merely went along with reforms for self preservation (Bishop Gardiner)
what are some areas of the church Henry changes in his desolation of the Monasteries?
PRETTY MUCH ALL OF THEM
Structure
Desolation of the monasteries
the bible
religious doctrine
traditional religious practices
Dissolution of the Monasteries
1535: Valor Ecclesiasticus (Survey by Cromwell to assess church wealth)
1536 Dissolution of Monasteries (those with income of less than £200)
Key cause of Pilgrimage of Grace
1539: Dissolution of Remaining Monasteries
1540: Dissolution of all remaining religious houses
Traditional Practices Attacked
1536 First Royal Injunctions
(Holy Days and pilgrimages attacked)
1538 Second Royal Injunctions
(Pilgrimages and veneration of relics attacked)
Note: VERY RADICAL
English Bible
1539: Great Bible published
Henry VIII on front cover
4 Years later: Henry grew bored and concerned with new role
1543: Act for the Advancement of True Religion
Restricted reading of Bible to some groups
Social order more important to Henry than ‘word of God’
Changes to Doctrine
1536 Ten Articles: reduced 7 sacraments to 3 (baptism, penance & eucharist)
1537 Bishops Book: restored 7 sacraments, but the removed ones given lower status
1539 Six Articles: Restored all sacraments (Back to Catholic doctrine)
1543 King’s Book: Revised Bishops Book to be more conservative (Catholic)
What was the act of supremacy?
People made an oath to the king
Overall how did religion change under Henry 8th?
Papal authority destroyed & replaced by crown
authority
● Monasteries dissolved and fallen into ruin
● Diversion of resources from Church to Crown
● Churches required to have Bibles in English
How did religion continue (stay the same) under Henry 8?
● Hierarchy stayed intact
● Interior of churches similar
● Six Articles revoked nearly all Protestant
changes to doctrine
● Fall of Cromwell extinguished enthusiasm
for change
● Services still held in Latin
What were the problems regarding succession with his first wife Catherine of Aragon?
She had several, including 2 boys, miscarriages in 1516
Henry believed that this was a punishment from God. Led to annulment and marriage of Anne Bolyne in 1533
When was Elizabeth I born?
1533
When was the first succession act and what did it do?
● 1534: Mary declared illegitimate –
Elizabeth becomes main heir
(Succession Act)
When was the second succession act and what did it lead to?
1536: Elizabeth declared illegitimate
after Anne’s execution and 1536
succession act
● Henry now had no legitimate heir to
the throne, but he did have three
illegitimate children
What option did Henry contemplate after illegitimising all of his children? But how was it unsecessfull?
● Possible candidate: Henry Fitzroy,
Duke of Richmond (illegitimate
son)
Death of Fitzroy in 153
What was the act of succession?
1536 succession act said in the
absence of a legitimate heir, king
could determine the succession by
will or letters patent (legal
documents of prerogative power)
Who ate and was the solution to all of Henry dynasty issues?
Jane Seymour
What were the issues around Edward?
● 1537: Edward born ● Canon law denied Edward’s
legitimacy (Henry’s 3rd wife)
1543: Henry’s bad health
made it more likely, Edward
would be a minority
monarch
● 1543/1544 saw Mary and Liz
re-legitimised (reinforced
letters patent, however)
What was the succession act 1543?
● Succession Act, 1543 (parliament)/1544 (royal
ascent): reinstates Mary and Elizabeth but reaffirms
succession through will
●
Henry’s Last Will and Testament, 1546:
confirms
Edward to be monarch, followed by Mary then
Elizabeth if he had no children. If all three die
without children, the throne is to go to his sister:
