Henry 7: Foreign Policy Flashcards
what were the main three aims of henry 7s foreign policy
- National Security
- recognition of the tudor dynasty
- defence of english trading interests
was Henry 7’s foreign policy a peaceful or aggressive one?
Peaceful
What was the Breton Crisis?
as a feifdom, brittany was seperate from france.
Duke francis II ruled over brittany, he had no sons, only a daughter Anne.
France wanted to claim brittany
following a french invasion,1487,it looked like the french would win.
henry summoned parliament in 1489 granting him extraordinary revenue to raise an army to help the Bretons.
anne paid for an english army (redon)
henry sent his 3-6000 soldiers to brittany with no intentions of attacking france.
anne backed down and reluctantly married Charles VIII of France.
English left stranded.
why did henry 7 involve himself in the Breton crisis?
- a sense of obligation to the Bretons
- fear of the potential of french power if they took over Brittany.
who was the treaty of redon with? what did it do?
England and Brittany
duchess anne would pay for an english army to defend brittany against french rule
why was henry 7 cautious about sending his army to help brittany?
didnt want to restart the hundred years war with the french. which is why he was adamant that they didnt attack and they were there in support of brittany.
what led to a peace settlement between france and england?
henry led an invasion of france in 1492
instead of fighting through the winter, the french sought a peace settlement
henry had knew itd work as Charles VIII was more interested in Italy and wouldent seek war with england
what was the treaty between France and England called?
Treaty of Étaples
what was agreed in the treaty of Étaples?
charles VIII agreed to withdraw support of warbeck
henry was to be paid a French pension to compensate him having to recruit and fund an army for the invasion.
why were the netherlands such an important country?
they were hugely important in the import and export in trade through the ports or Antwerp and Bruges.
under the jurisdiction of Burgundy, which meant that henry must maintain good relations
who was margaret of burgundy?
sister of edward IV and Richard III
leading upholder of the yorkist cause
what caused the relationship between Burgundy and england to worsen?
maximillian and phillips suppoer of warbeck
margaret of Burgundy’s yorkist claim
what did henry 7 do to trade with Burgundy?
placed an embargo on it
which of the three main aims of henry 7’s foreign policy was the most important to him?
establishing the tudor dynasty
who , when and what was was the intercursus magnus?
who: (phillip of) bergundy and england
when: 1496
what:restored normal trading links between england and Burgundy after the embargo
who were the prominent rulers of Spain who married in 1469?
Ferdinand of Aragon
Isabella of Castille
what was the treaty of Medina Del Campo?
1489
Gave international peace between Spain and England, offering mutual protection should the other be attacked
Agreement not to harbor rebels or pretenders
Arranged a marriage alliance between Prince Arthur and Catherine Of Aragon
when was the treaty of Medina Del Campo signed?
1489
what were problems with the treaty of Medina Del Campo?
- Ferdinand was reluctant to marry his daughter off whilst Perkin Warbeck remained a threat
- disagreement on her dowry
when were Arthur and Catherine married? How long for?
Details of the marriage agreed in 1499
Married in 1501
Arthur died of sweating sickness in 1502
why did Ferdinand not want Catherine to marry Henry 8th?
He had little need for an English alliance and proposed the marriage would require papal dispensation (permission from the pope) which would be approved at a price.
what happened in 1504 and how did it weaken ferdinands power?
his wife isabella of castille died
Castille was significantly bigger and more powerful than Aragon.
he became a less powerful political figure, resulting in a succession struggle in spain
who was the Spanish succession struggle between?
Ferdinand of Aragon and Princess Juana and her husband Phillip of Burgundy
what was the treaty of Windsor?
1506: Juana (of Spain) and Phillip (of Burgundy) washed up upon English shores
Ferdinand of Aragon was a weak leader without Isabella of Castille’s powerful influence
Juana believed she was the real queen
Henry supported Juana
Henry took advantage of this and signed the intercursus magnus, malus and gained custody of Edmund de la pole, earl of Suffolk.
Henry, having lost his wife, was promised a marriage to Phillip’s sister the archduchess Margaret, though it never happened.
whos death proved disasterous for henry 7 in terms of foreign relations with Spain?
phillip of burgundy
he died shortly after his and juanas return to spain
ferdinand claimed that grief turned juana mad and unfit to rule, claiming the position for himself as the Regent of Castille
ferdinand ensured that henry would not marry catharine off to his son henry (obviously they married after henry 7’s death and h8’s accession to the throne)
in terms of henry 7s foreign policy aim of establishing his dynasty, how was phillip of burgundys death a disaster?
His son arthur died, his spare Henry was not brought up to be king, he also had no wife.
after arthurs death elizabeth of york died in childbirth, ruining any chance of another heir.
By the end of henry 7ths lifetime he became worried that his son would be the end of the dynasty he tried so hard to establish due to the lack of male heir.
what was the traditional alliance between France and Scotland called?
the Auld Alliance
scotland was its own distinct country with its own what?
monarch (james III, later James IV)
parliament
what was henry 7 worried about with scotland?
they shared a border, if james III didn’t accept him as king of england, there’d be problems in the north.
Henry arranged a truce between them but James died in 1488, before it could take affect.
what happened to Scotland’s relationship with H7’s England after the death of James III?
James’ son James IV was a minor, so nobled goverend for him until he came of age.
these nobles were very anti-english
how were relations between scotland and england at the start of henry 7’s reign (1485-95)?
often tense but relatively cordial
what did James III do in 1495 that worsened relations with henry 7?
offered hospitality to perkin warbeck, who stayed at court for two years, recieved a pension and an aristocratic marraige to the kings cousin, lady catharine gordon.
what did James III tell warbeck to do in 1496 that worsened relations with henry 7?
encouraged him to rally an army and cross the English/Scottish border
the army was small and received no support and retreated when they realised the English force was coming north from Newcastle.
the uprising led henry to raise a large army to invade scotland with, this had repercussions prompting a taxation rebellion the next year
what rebellion happened in 1497?
Cornish
what happened in the Cornish rebellion of 1497?
large scale taxations funding the tensions in Scotland prompted the cornish to rebel.
what became evident after the Cornish rebellion of 1497?
Scotland and England needed to secure an immediate truce, treaty of ayton
what treaty/truce was made between Scotland and England after the Cornish rebellion?
Treaty of Ayton
what were anglo-Scottish relations like after 1498?
improved significantly
James no longer had any diplomatic use for Warbeck and handed him to Henry 7
Henry arranged a marriage between James and Margaret, his daughter
treaty of perpetual peace ensured good relations until the end of his reign.
who did James III of Scotland marry in 1503?
Princess Margaret, Henry 7’s daughter
when was the treaty of Perpetual peace signed, and by whom?
1502
between England and Scotland, in the marriage alliance between James III and princess Margaret.
