Hemoflagellates

Question 1

Trypanosomes Order

Answer 1

Kinetoplastida

Question 2

Heteroxenous

Answer 2

lives in blood and/or fixed tissues of vertebrates or lives in the intestine of bloodsucking invertebrates

Question 3

Genera of trypanosomes

Answer 3

Trypanosoma and Leishmania

Question 4

A specialized compartment of the mitochondrion that contains a mass of concatenated DNA circles amounting to up to 10% of total cellular DNA

Answer 4

Kinetoplast

Question 5

Types of trypanosomes

Answer 5

• Stercorarian species/trypanosomes
• Salivarian species/trypanosomes

Question 6

Insect vector of Salivarian species/trypanosomes

Answer 6

Tsetse fly

Question 7

Most often insect vector of Stercorarian species/trypanosomes

Answer 7

triatome kissing bug

Question 8

Chagas disease (aka American trypanosomiasis)

Answer 8

Trypanosoma cruzi

Question 9

Infective stage of T. cruzi

Answer 9

Metacyclic trypomastigotes passed from the triatomine bug

Question 10

Diagnostic stage of T. cruzi

Answer 10

Trypomastigotes

Question 11

Mammalian stage life cycle of T. cruzi

Answer 11

In order
- Infected triatomine insect
- Trypomastigotes
- Intracellular amastigote
- Trypomastigotes
- bloodstream trypomastigotes

Question 12

Triatomine bug stage of T. cruzi

Answer 12

• Kissing bug
• trypomastigotes in midgut
• epimastigotes
• metacyclic trypomastigotes

Question 13

Mode of transmission for Chagas disease

Answer 13

• Blood feeding drugs
• Scratching of bitten skin
• blood transfusion
• congenital
• organ transplant

Question 14

Also called Conenoses/Kissing/Assassin Bug

Answer 14

Triatomine bug

Question 15

Triatomine bugs are also called ___ biters

Answer 15

night biters

Question 16

Most important vector of T. cruzi

Answer 16

Triatoma infestans

Question 17

Species recorded to be present in the Philippines, identified through the museum data and actual collection

Answer 17

T. rubrofasciata

Question 18

Romaña’s sign

Answer 18

purplish swelling of the lid of one eye

Question 19

The parasite is hidden in the _____ in chronic Chagas infection

Answer 19

heart and digestive muscle

Question 20

_____ is vital to be able to prevent infections
through blood transfusion and organ transplantation

Answer 20

Blood screening

Question 21

Treatment for T. cruzi

Answer 21

Benznidazole and nifurtimox

Question 22

Usual treatment for T. cruzi is not recommended for

Answer 22

Pregnant women
People with kidney or liver failure

Question 23

Also called “African trypanosomes”, “Old World trypanosomes”

Answer 23

T. brucei

Question 24

TRUE OR FALSE: The two subspecies of T. brucei are morphologically distinguishable

Answer 24

False

Question 25

Causes Chronic African Trypanosomiasis aka West African Sleeping Sickness

Answer 25

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Question 26

Causes Acute African Trypanosomiasis aka East African Sleeping Sickness

Answer 26

T. brucei rhodesiense

Question 27

T. brucei brucei is a parasite of what animal

Answer 27

Cattle

Question 28

Infective stage of T. brucei

Answer 28

Metacyclic trypomastigotes

Question 29

Diagnostic stage of T. brucei

Answer 29

Circulating trypomastigotes

Question 30

Reservoirs of T. b. gambiense

Answer 30

Humans

Question 31

Reservoirs of T.b.rhodesiense

Answer 31

Cattle and Wild Ungulates

Question 32

Bloodstream trypomastigotes replicate via ____

Answer 32

Binary fission

Question 33

It is stated that the entire life cycle of the African trypanosomes is represented by

Answer 33

extracellular stages

Question 34

In the fly’s midgut, T. brucei transforms into ____, which will then transform into ____

Answer 34

procyclic trypmastigotes, epimastigotes

Question 35

Vector of T. brucei

Answer 35

Tsteste fly

Question 36

Most important species of Tsetse fly

Answer 36

Glossina palpalis

Question 37

T. brucei is endemic to what continent

Answer 37

Africa

Question 38

Only country where both forms of T. brucei are present

Answer 38

Uganda

Question 39

T.b. rhodesiense infections are reported to likely result in _____

Answer 39

endocrine abnormalities

Question 40

Posterior triangle cervical lymphadenopathy, or “Winterbottom’s sign” is commonly seen in which T. brucei subspecies?

Answer 40

T.b. gambiense

Question 41

Treatment for 1st stage T. brucei infection

Answer 41

- Pentamidine - Suramin

Question 42

2nd stage treatment of T. brucei

Answer 42

- Melarsoprol - Elfornithine - Nifurtimox

Question 43

New oral treatment for T.b. gambiense

Answer 43

Fexinidazole

Question 44

Species of Leishmania are morphologically indistinguishable but can be differentiated by ____

Answer 44

○ Isoenzyme Analysis ○ Molecular Methods ○ Monoclonal Antibodies

Question 45

Transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected female phlebotomine sand fly

Answer 45

Leishmania

Question 46

Infective stage of Leishmania

Answer 46

Promastigote

Question 47

Where do promastigotes of Leishmania transform into amastigotes

Answer 47

macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytic cells

Question 48

Sandfly are ___ feeders

Answer 48

Nocturnal feeders

Question 49

3 most common forms of Leishmaniasis

Answer 49

1. Cutaneous (Oriental Sore) 2. Visceral (Kala-Azar) 3. Mucocutaneous (Uta)

Question 50

Most common form of Leishmania

Answer 50

Cutaneous

Question 51

Notable species of Oriental sore

Answer 51

Leishmania tropica

Question 52

Most severe form of leishmaniasis

Answer 52

Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar)

Question 53

Notable species of Visceral leishmaniasis

Answer 53

L. donovani

Question 54

The most DISABLING form of the leishmania

Answer 54

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (Uta)