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SON 1100 Sonography of the Circulatory System > Hemodynamics and the Circulatory System > Flashcards

Hemodynamics and the Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three functions of blood?

A

Transportation, regulation, protection

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2
Q

What does blood regulate?

A
  1. PH
  2. Water in plasma has heat absorbing and coolant properties which help maintain and adjust body temperature
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3
Q

What does blood protect against?

A
  1. Clotting of blood protects against excessive blood loss
  2. WBCs protect against disease through phagocytosis and production of antibodies
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4
Q

What does blood transport?

A
  1. Transports O2 from lungs to cell
  2. Carries CO2 from body cells to lungs
  3. Transports nutrients from GI tract to body cells
  4. Carries heat and waste products away from cells
  5. Transports hormones from endocrine glands to other body cells
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5
Q

What are five characteristics of blood?

A
  1. Blood is more dense and more viscous than water and flows more slowly
  2. Temperature of blood is 38oC (100.4oF)
  3. Blood has slightly alkaline PH
  4. Blood makes up about 8% of body weight
  5. Blood volume is 4-5 liters (1.2 gal) in an average adult female and 5-6 (1.5 gal) in an average adult male
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6
Q

Whole blood is composed of what two components?

A
  1. Blood plasma
  2. Formed elements
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7
Q
  1. ____ is a watery liquid that contains dissolved substances
  2. ____ is usually about 55% plasma
A

Blood plasma

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8
Q
  1. ____ are cells and cell fragments
  2. ____ are usually about 45% blood
  3. ____ are usually more than 99% RBCs of total blood volume
  4. ____ are usually less than 1% WBCs of total blood volume
A

Formed Elements

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9
Q

When formed elements are removed from blood, the remaining straw-colored liquid is called ____

A

Blood plasma

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10
Q

____ is about 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes

A

Plasma

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11
Q

What are the three types and percentages of plasma proteins that make up the 7% of solutes that are synthesized by the liver?

A
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12
Q

What is included in the remaining 1.5% of solutes in plasma?

A
  1. Electrolytes
  2. Nutrients
  3. Regulatory substances such as enzymes and hormones
  4. Gases and waste products such as urea, Uris acid, creatinine, ammonia and bilirubin
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13
Q

The three components of formed elements of blood include?

A
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14
Q

____ contain oxygen carrying protein called hemoglobin and do not contain a nucleus

A

RBCs (erythrocytes)

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15
Q

The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called the ____?

A

Hematocrit

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16
Q

____ are nucleated and do not contain hemoglobin

A

WBCs (leukocytes)

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17
Q

____ leukocytes include eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils

A

Granular

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18
Q

____ leukocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes

A

Agranular

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19
Q

____ function to protect the body against foreign substances, accumulation of damaged cells, and infectious organisms

A

WBCs

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20
Q

____ are actually cell fragments with pieces of cell membrane that originate from large cells called megakaryocytes that splinter into 2000-3000 fragments

A

Platelets (thrombocytes)

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21
Q

____ are disc shaped and are not nucleated; help stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug; release chemicals that promote blood clotting

A

Platelets

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22
Q

____ form a closed system that carries blood away from the heart to the body tissues and then returns blood from the tissues to the heart

A

Blood vessels

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23
Q
  • Large elastic arteries leave the heart and divide into medium sized muscular arteries that branch to various regions of the body
  • Medium sized arteries branch into smaller vessels called ____
A

Arterioles

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24
Q

When Arterioles enter tissues, they branch into microscopic vessels called ____

A

Capillaries

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25
Q
  • Substances are exchanged between blood and body tissue through the thin capillary walls
  • Before leaving tissues, capillaries unite to form very small veins called ____
A

Venules

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26
Q
  • Venules merge to form veins
  • Veins carry blood from tissues back to the heart
  • Large vessels are nourished from their own blood vessel supply called the ____
A

Vasa Vasorum

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27
Q

What are the three tunics or coats that Arterial walls have?

A
  1. Tunica interna (intima)
  2. Middle tunica (tunica media)
  3. Outer coat (tunica externa)
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28
Q

Intima is composed of a thin lining of simple squamous epithelium called ____, a basement membrane and a layer of elastic tissue called the internal elastic lamina

A

Endothelium

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29
Q

____ is a continuous layer of cells that lines the entire cardiovascular system

A

Endothelium

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30
Q

____ is the thickest tunic layer

A

Tunic media

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31
Q

____ Consists of elastic and smooth muscle fibers arranged in rings around the lumen

A

Tunica media

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32
Q

____ consists of mostly elastic and collagen fibers

A

Outer coat (tunica externa)

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33
Q

An increase in sympathetic stimulation causes muscle contraction that

A

reduces the size of the vessel lumen (vasoconstriction)

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34
Q

An decrease in sympathetic stimulation causes muscle relaxation that

A

widens the size of the vessel lumen (vasodilation)

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35
Q

If an artery is damaged muscles will ____ producing a ____ that limits blood flow and ____ blood loss

A

contract; vascular spasm; reduces

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36
Q

Largest diameter arteries are called

A

elastic arteries

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37
Q

Elastic arteries help propel blood while ventricles are ____

A

Relaxed

(during diastole)

38
Q

When ventricles of the heart ____, blood is ejected into elastic arteries and Arterioles walls stretch.

39
Q

The stretched arterial walls store mechanical energy and function as ____

A

Pressure Reservoir

40
Q

When the ventricles are relaxed the vessel walls recoil and transfer ____ energy in the walls to ____energy in the blood

A

mechanical; kinetic

41
Q

The aorta, brachialcephalic, common carotid, subclavian, vertebral, pulmonary and common iliac arteries are ____ arteries

42
Q

Muscular arteries (such as brachial artery in the arm and radial artery in the forearm) are called ____ arteries

A

distributing

43
Q

Walls of ____ arteries are relatively thick in proportion to diameter of lumen

A

muscular arteries

44
Q

____ are small arteries that are important in regulating blood flow from arteries to capillaries

45
Q

A change in ____ of Arterioles can significantly change ____

46
Q

____ are microscopic vessels that usually connect arterioles and venules

A

capillaries

47
Q

Flow in these vessels is called

A

microcirculation

48
Q

____ represent the greatest cross-section area of the circulatory system

A

capillaries

49
Q

Blood flows the slowest in ____

A

capillaries

50
Q

When several capillaries unite, small veins are formed called ____

51
Q

Venules collect blood from capillaries and drain into ____

52
Q

____ frequently appear collapsed or flattened when sectioned and contain numerous valves

53
Q
  1. ____ are thin folds of tunica interna that form flap like cusps that project into the vessel lumen
  2. ____ project one way toward the heart
  3. ____ aid in returning venous blood by preventing back flow of blood
54
Q

____ is a vein with a thin endothelial wall and contains no smooth muscle to alter diameter

A

vascular (venous sinus)

55
Q

The union of the branches of two or more arteries feeding the same region is called ____

A

Anastomoses

56
Q

____ provide an alternate route for blood to reach a tissue or organ

A

Anastomoses

57
Q

The alternate route of blood flow to a tissue or organ (in the presence of disease, injury, etc.) through an anastomosis is called ____

A

collateral circulation

58
Q

Arteries that do not anastamose are known as ____

A

end arteries

59
Q

The largest portion of blood volume at rest (60%) is found in

A

systemic veins and venules

60
Q

Systemic capillaries hold about ____ of blood volume; Arteries and arterioles hold about ____

61
Q

Because they hold a large volume of blood, veins and venules function as ____

A

blood reservoirs

62
Q

The volume of blood that flows through any tissue at a given period of time is called ____ and is measured in ml/min

A

blood flow

63
Q

The ____ of blood flow is inversely related to total cross-sectional area

64
Q

As arteries branch, cross-sectional area ____ and velocity of blood flow ____

A

increases; decreases

65
Q

When branches combine, cross-sectional area ____ and velocity of flow increases

A

decreases; increases

66
Q

____ is the time it takes for blood to pass from the RA, through the pulmonary circulation to the LA, through the systemic circulation down to the foot and back to the RA; is usually one minute when resting

A

Circulation time

67
Q

____ is the volume of blood that is ejected into the systemic (or pulmonary) system each minute (at rest is about 5.25 l/min)

A

Cardiac output (CO)

68
Q

SV (Stroke volume) x HR (heart rate) =

A

(CO) Cardiac output

69
Q

end diastolic volume – end systolic volume of the LV =

A

(SV) Stroke volume

70
Q

At rest SV is about ____ ml

71
Q

Due to friction between blood and vessel walls, what two other factors affect cardiac output

A

blood pressure and resistance

72
Q

Blood flows from regions of ____ pressure to ____ pressure

A

higher; lower

73
Q

The greater the pressure difference, the ____ the flow; higher resistance ____ blood flow

A

greater; lowers

74
Q

Blood pressure is the ____ exerted on vessel walls by the blood

A

hydrostatic pressure

75
Q

____ is generated by contraction of the ventricles and is highest in the aorta and large systemic arteries

A

BP (Blood Pressure)

76
Q

Resting BP in an adult rises to about 120 mm/hg during ____ and falls to about 80 mm/hg during ____

A

systole; diastole

77
Q

Diastolic BP + 1/3 (Systolic BP – Diastolic BP) =

A

MABP (Mean arterial BP)

78
Q

MABP / R (resistance) =

79
Q

BP ____ progressively as the distance of blood from the LV ____

A

decreases; increases

80
Q

If ____ decreases an amount greater than 10% of total blood volume then BP drops

A

blood volume

81
Q

Normal volume of blood in an adult is about ____ liters

82
Q

An increase in blood volume (such as water retention) will ____ BP

83
Q

____ refers to the apposition of blood flow as a result of friction between the blood and vessel walls

A

Resistance

84
Q

Resistance depends upon the average ____, ____, and _____

A
  1. blood vessel radius
  2. blood viscosity
  3. total vessel length
85
Q

The smaller the radius of the vessel the ____ the resistance it offers to blood flow (inversely proportional)

86
Q

Blood thickness (viscosity) depends mostly on the ratio of RBCs to ____. The thicker the blood the higher the resistance (directly proportional) anemia or hemorrhage will deplete RBCs and proteins and cause a decrease in resistance and BP

A

plasma volume

87
Q

____ refers to all the vascular resistances offered by the systemic vessels, Arterioles function to control SVR

A

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

88
Q

Blood return to the heart from systemic veins depends upon the pressure difference between ____ (16mmHg) and the ____ (5mmHg)

A

venules; RA

89
Q

Although this pressure difference is small, ____ is adequate because resistance in veins is very low

A

venous return

90
Q

If pressure increases in the ____, then venous flow will back up (may be seen in the case of a regurgitant tricuspid valve)

91
Q

The skeletal muscle pump propels venous blood by contraction and relaxation of muscles

SON 1100 Sonography of the Circulatory System (8 decks)

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