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Pathology > Hemodynamic Disorders > Flashcards

Hemodynamic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is Inflammatory Edema?

A

Have protein rich exudates, accumulated due to increases in vascular permeability caused by inflammatory mediators

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2
Q

What is Non-inflammatory edema?

A

Have protein poor transudates, common in many diseases

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3
Q

What mainly causes increased hydrostatic pressure?

A

impaired venous return from DVT of congestive heart failure (systemic)

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4
Q

What causes Reduced Plasma Osmotic Pressure?

A

Loss of Albumin due to nephrotic syndrome / decreased synthesis due to protein malnutrition or severe liver disease

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5
Q

How is edema exacerbated?

A

Low Blood pressure
leads to compensation by kidney
leads to increased Na and H2O retention
leads to excacerbation of edema

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6
Q

How does Sodium and Water Retention cause edema?

A

It increases hydrostatic pressure and diminishes vascular colloid osmotic pressure (due to dilution)

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7
Q

What are the causes of lymphatic obstruction?

A

Trauma, Fibrosis, Invasive Tumors and infectious agents

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8
Q

What are the microscopic morphology of Edema?

A
  1. Clearing and separation of ECM

2. Subtle cell swelling

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9
Q

Renal dysfunction causes edema in what part of the body initially?

A

Loose Connective Tissue; Eyelids / Periorbital edema

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of Pulmonary edema?

A
  1. 2-3x heavier

2. Frothy, blood-tinged fluid upon sectioning

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11
Q

What does Brain edema exhibit?

A
  1. Narrowed sulci

2. Distended gyri

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of peritoneal effusions?

A

Milky effusion due to presence of lipids absorbed from the gut caused by lymphatic blockage

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13
Q

What is the clinical importance of Subcutaneous Edema?

A

Signals potential Cardiac or Renal Disease. When significant, impairs wound healing and clearance of infections

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14
Q

Where is Pulmonary Edema most commonly seen?

A

Left Ventricular Failure, also in Renal Failure, ARDS, Pulmonary inflammation and infection

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15
Q

What are the effects of excess fluid in pulmonary edema?

A
  1. Fluid collects in alveolar septa around capillaries and impede oxygen diffusion
  2. Edema fluid in alveolar spaces creates favorable environment for bacterial infection
  3. Accompanies Pulmonary effusion
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16
Q

Why is Brain Edema life-threatening?

A

If severe, brain substance can herniate through the foramen magnum, or the brain stem vascular supply can be compressed

17
Q

What is Hyperemia?

A

Active process. Arterial Dilation leads to increased blood flow

18
Q

What are examples of hyperemia?

A

Sites of Inflammation, Skeletal muscle during exercise

19
Q

What is Congestion?

A

Passive process. Resulting from Reduced Outflow of blood from a tissue

20
Q

What causes congested tissues to appear dusky reddish-blue?

A

From cyanosis due to red cell stasis and presence of deoxygenated Hgb

21
Q

What are the microscopic morphology of acute pulmonary congestion?

A
  1. Engorged alveolar capillaries
  2. Alveolar Septal edema
  3. Focal intraalveolar hemorrhage
22
Q

What is the microscopic morphology of Chronic Pulmonary congestion?

A
  1. Septa are thickened and fibrotic

2. Alveoli contain numerous hemosiderin-laden macrophages/ heart failure cells

23
Q

What is the microscopic morphology of Acute Hepatic Congestion?

A
  1. Central Vein and Sinusoids are distended
  2. Because centrilobular areas are distal, ischemic necrosis
  3. Peritoneal hepatocytes that are proximal, underego only fatty change
24
Q

What is the gross morphology of Chronic Passive Hepatic Congestion?

A

Centrilobular Regions are red-brown and slightly depressed against the surrounding zones of uncongested tan liver
a.k.a. nutmeg liver

25
Q

What is Hemostasis?

A

A process by which blood clots form at sites of vascular injury

26
Q

What happens in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?

A

Generalized activation of clotting sometimes paradoxically produces bleeding due to consumption of coagulation factors

Pathology (5 decks)

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