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Clin Med hematology > Heme onc > Flashcards

Heme onc Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main risk factor for cancer

A

age

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2
Q

What is the most preventable cause of cancer

A

Tobacco

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3
Q

If there is a mass in the lower colon. How do you diagnose whether or not its cancer

A

Biopsy

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4
Q

What is the TNM system for

A

Staging of cancer

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5
Q

What does TNM stand for in the TNM system

A

Tumor
Nodes
Metastases

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6
Q

How are tumors rated in the TNM system

A

TX: Primary tumor cannot be evaluated
TO: No evidence of primary
Tis: Carcinoma in situ
T1-T4: Size & depth

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7
Q

How are nodes rated in the TNM system

A

NX: Nodes cannot be evaluated
N0: No regional nodes involved
N1-N3: Size and number involved

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8
Q

How is metastasis measured with the TNM system

A

M0: no evidence of metastatic disease
M1: presence of metastatic disease

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9
Q

What is the difference between clinical and pathologic staging

A

Clinical: Based on physical exam

Pathologic: Based on bx and surgery

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10
Q

What will be seen on blood work for prostate cancer

A

PSA
*Prostate specific antigen

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11
Q

What will be seen on bloodwork for ovarian cancer

A

CA125
*Cancer antigen 125

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12
Q

What will be seen on blood work with medullary thyroid cancer

A

Calcitonin

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13
Q

What will be seen on blood work for liver cancer

A

AFP
*Alpha-fetoprotein

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14
Q

What will be seen on blood work with germ cell tumors

A

HCG
*Human chorionic gonadotropin

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15
Q

When are cancer markers taken with blood work

A

After the biopsy confirmation results

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16
Q

What is adjuvant therapy

A

Therapy given after primary tumor has been removed

17
Q

What is Neo-adjuvant therapy

A

Therapy even before the primary tumor has been removed

18
Q

What are local therapy treatment options for cancer

A

Surgery
radiation therapy

19
Q

What is systemic therapy for cancer

A

Chemo
Biologic

20
Q

What are the 3 main types of radiation therapy for cancer

A

External beam
Brachytherapy
Systemic

21
Q

How does external beam therapy work with radiation

A

Beams of radiation aimed at a tumor within a patient

*Gamma knife

22
Q

how does brachytherapy work with radiation

A

Encapsulated source of radiation implanted into a tumor

*Seeds

23
Q

How does the systemic radiation treatment work

A

Inject radio nucleotides that are targeted to a tumor

*Thyroid cancer

24
Q

What are some short term side effects of radiaton therapy

A

Burns
Bone marrow toxicity
mucositis

25
Q

What are some chronic radiation therapy side effects

A

Thyroid failure
MI
Pulmonary fibrosis
Cataracts

26
Q

When is chemo most commonly used

A

Breast and prostate cancer

27
Q

What are some side effects of chemo and what are the side effects dependent on

A

Neuropathy
Cold intolerance
Hair loss
N/V
Cardiac toxicity
*depend on drugs and doses

28
Q

What occurs when a neutropenic patient becomes febrile

A

Medical emergency -> can be fatal

*Temp: >100.4 for an hour or single temp of 101

29
Q

When a neutropenic patient becomes febrile, what must happen

A

they need to be admitted into the hospital and receive broad spectrum antibiotics

30
Q

Which antibiotics are best course of action for a neutropenic patients that are hospitalized for fever

A

anti-psuedomonal
-tazobactam
-piperacillin

31
Q

What is the difference between hospice and palliative care

A

Hospice is end of life care

Palliative helps with illness related suffering

32
Q

What is the framework for palliative care

A

Goals of care is directed by the patients values and preference

33
Q

Where do terminal patients prefer to die

A

At home

34
Q

What is the major benefit of hospice care

A

Significantly better quality of life for patients and families

35
Q

What are some advance directives

A

Living will

Durable power of attorney for health care

DNR

Physician orders for life-sustaining treatment (POLST)

36
Q

What is a living will

A

Document that describes the treatments that the patient does or does not want in the event of a terminal illness or vegetative state

37
Q

When is a living will effective

A

Only when a patient was unable to communicate

Clin Med hematology (6 decks)

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