Heme onc

Question 1

What is the main risk factor for cancer

Answer 1

age

Question 2

What is the most preventable cause of cancer

Answer 2

Tobacco

Question 3

If there is a mass in the lower colon. How do you diagnose whether or not its cancer

Answer 3

Biopsy

Question 4

What is the TNM system for

Answer 4

Staging of cancer

Question 5

What does TNM stand for in the TNM system

Answer 5

Tumor
Nodes
Metastases

Question 6

How are tumors rated in the TNM system

Answer 6

TX: Primary tumor cannot be evaluated
TO: No evidence of primary
Tis: Carcinoma in situ
T1-T4: Size & depth

Question 7

How are nodes rated in the TNM system

Answer 7

NX: Nodes cannot be evaluated
N0: No regional nodes involved
N1-N3: Size and number involved

Question 8

How is metastasis measured with the TNM system

Answer 8

M0: no evidence of metastatic disease
M1: presence of metastatic disease

Question 9

What is the difference between clinical and pathologic staging

Answer 9

Clinical: Based on physical exam

Pathologic: Based on bx and surgery

Question 10

What will be seen on blood work for prostate cancer

Answer 10

PSA
*Prostate specific antigen

Question 11

What will be seen on bloodwork for ovarian cancer

Answer 11

CA125
*Cancer antigen 125

Question 12

What will be seen on blood work with medullary thyroid cancer

Answer 12

Calcitonin

Question 13

What will be seen on blood work for liver cancer

Answer 13

AFP
*Alpha-fetoprotein

Question 14

What will be seen on blood work with germ cell tumors

Answer 14

HCG
*Human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 15

When are cancer markers taken with blood work

Answer 15

After the biopsy confirmation results

Question 16

What is adjuvant therapy

Answer 16

Therapy given after primary tumor has been removed

Question 17

What is Neo-adjuvant therapy

Answer 17

Therapy even before the primary tumor has been removed

Question 18

What are local therapy treatment options for cancer

Answer 18

Surgery
radiation therapy

Question 19

What is systemic therapy for cancer

Answer 19

Chemo
Biologic

Question 20

What are the 3 main types of radiation therapy for cancer

Answer 20

External beam
Brachytherapy
Systemic

Question 21

How does external beam therapy work with radiation

Answer 21

Beams of radiation aimed at a tumor within a patient

*Gamma knife

Question 22

how does brachytherapy work with radiation

Answer 22

Encapsulated source of radiation implanted into a tumor

*Seeds

Question 23

How does the systemic radiation treatment work

Answer 23

Inject radio nucleotides that are targeted to a tumor

*Thyroid cancer

Question 24

What are some short term side effects of radiaton therapy

Answer 24

Burns
Bone marrow toxicity
mucositis

Question 25

What are some chronic radiation therapy side effects

Answer 25

Thyroid failure MI Pulmonary fibrosis Cataracts

Question 26

When is chemo most commonly used

Answer 26

Breast and prostate cancer

Question 27

What are some side effects of chemo and what are the side effects dependent on

Answer 27

Neuropathy Cold intolerance Hair loss N/V Cardiac toxicity *depend on drugs and doses

Question 28

What occurs when a neutropenic patient becomes febrile

Answer 28

Medical emergency -> can be fatal *Temp: >100.4 for an hour or single temp of 101

Question 29

When a neutropenic patient becomes febrile, what must happen

Answer 29

they need to be admitted into the hospital and receive broad spectrum antibiotics

Question 30

Which antibiotics are best course of action for a neutropenic patients that are hospitalized for fever

Answer 30

anti-psuedomonal -tazobactam -piperacillin

Question 31

What is the difference between hospice and palliative care

Answer 31

Hospice is end of life care Palliative helps with illness related suffering

Question 32

What is the framework for palliative care

Answer 32

Goals of care is directed by the patients values and preference

Question 33

Where do terminal patients prefer to die

Answer 33

At home

Question 34

What is the major benefit of hospice care

Answer 34

Significantly better quality of life for patients and families

Question 35

What are some advance directives

Answer 35

Living will Durable power of attorney for health care DNR Physician orders for life-sustaining treatment (POLST)

Question 36

What is a living will

Answer 36

Document that describes the treatments that the patient does or does not want in the event of a terminal illness or vegetative state

Question 37

When is a living will effective

Answer 37

Only when a patient was unable to communicate