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Heme Myeloid > Heme Myeloid > Flashcards

Heme Myeloid Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasm

A

synonym for tumor

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2
Q

Cytopenia

A

a condition where there is lower-than-normal number of blood cells

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3
Q

Creatinine

A

A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function.

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4
Q

Hyponatremia

A

lower than normal amount of sodium in the blood. Can cause confusion.

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5
Q

Blasts

A

immature cells

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6
Q

Moffitt CTLC

A

Clinical Trials Lab Core

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7
Q

Etiology

A

the cause or origin of disease

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8
Q

intravesical

A

within the bladder

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9
Q

HCT

A

hematopoietic cell transplantation - sometimes referred to as bone marrow transplant

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10
Q

ICUS

A

Idiopathic Cytopenia of Undetermined Significance – describes individuals w/ unexplained cytopenia w/out a conclusive diagnosis of MDS.

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11
Q

Dysplasia

A

The presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ. Not cancer but may sometimes become cancer. Can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on how abnormal the cells look and how much of the tissue or organ is affected.

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12
Q

DNA

A

The cell’s “brain.” Highly complex molecule manufactured in the cell nucleus. In a human cell, DNA arranged in 46 distinct sections called Chromosomes; in pairs, 23 chromosomes from each parent. “The code of life.”

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13
Q

Gene

A

a segment of DNA, arranged in pairs, one from mother and one from father. The most basic units of inheritance. Everyone has 20,000-25,000 genes.

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14
Q

JAK2 gene

A

A gene that makes a protein that sends signals in cells to promote cell growth & helps control the # of RBCs, WBCs & platelets made in the bone marrow. Mutated forms of the JAK gene have been found in some blood conditions (PV, thrombocythemia).

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15
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A

is the result of a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 - t(9;22) - which forms the oncogene BCR-ABL.

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16
Q

CML is clinically categorized by the presence of ——–

A

The Philadelphia chromosome.

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17
Q

Infectious agents (in cancer)

A

Viral infections are implicated in some cancers (Epstein-Barr virus/Burkitt lymphoma; hepatitis B virus/liver cancer; papilloma virus/cervical cancer…)

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18
Q

Refractory

A

a disease or condition that does not respond to treatment

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19
Q

Cells that are similar in structure tend to group themselves together and form —–

A

Tissues.

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20
Q

Biopsy

A

removal of tissue for microscopic evaluation; the preferred method to confirm cancer diagnosis.

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21
Q

Minimal Residual Disease

A

a very small number of cells that remain in the body after treatment. Requires highly sensitive lab methods. MRD is used mostly for blood cancers.

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22
Q

Secondary site

A

refers to the body part where metastasized cancer cells grow and form secondary tumors.

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23
Q

Aspirate

A

refers to fluid, tissue, or other substance that is withdrawn from a body cavity, cyst, or tumor. Also refers to the act of withdrawing the fluid, tissue, or other substance through a needle.

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24
Q

Splenomegaly

A

enlarged spleen (90% pt’s w/ CML)

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25
Q

ICF

A

Informed Consent Form

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26
Q

Myelodysplasia

A

Abnormal bone marrow cells that may lead to myeloid leukemia.

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27
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of platelets in the blood. It may result in easy bruising and excessive bleeding from wounds or bleeding in mucous membranes and other tissues.

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28
Q

Essential Thrombocythemia

A

an increased number of thrombocytes (platelets) in the blood, w/out a known cause. May lead to a thrombus, a blood clot that forms in a blood vessel. This can cause serious health problems such as a stroke, heart attack or pulmonary embolism.

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29
Q

Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF)

A

A progressive, chronic disease in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue & blood is made in organs such as the liver and the spleen instead of in the bone marrow.

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30
Q

Neutropenia

A

A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood.

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31
Q

HMA

A

Hypomethylating Agents – standard of care for MDS

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32
Q

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms includes —, —, and —.

A

MPN studies includes PV, Myelofibrosis, & Essential Thrombocythemia

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33
Q

Myelodysplastic syndromes

A

a group of blood disorders associated with abnormal blood cell production. Damaged stem cells make abnormally LOW numbers of blood cells that may not be fully effective, leading to symptoms such as fatigue & shortness of breath, or bleeding. The course of MDS can range from mild and chronic to severe and acute.

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34
Q

A small percentage of people who were treated with certain types of chemotherapy or radiation for other conditions such as cancer can develop a type of MDS called —————

A

Therapy-related MDS

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35
Q

MDS may evolve into ———–

A

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), a disease with a poor prognosis that requires more urgent treatment.

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36
Q

Hemoglobin

A

an iron-rich protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Hemoglobin is the most important component of RBC’s.

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37
Q

Reticulocyte count

A

A reticulocyte count measures the number of immature red blood cells (reticulocytes) in your bone marrow. Doctors measure reticulocytes to find out if your bone marrow is producing enough red blood cells. Reticulocyte count in a healthy person should be between 0.5 to 2.5%.

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38
Q

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

A

the average size of your red blood cells

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39
Q

The blood differential test measures ——————–

A

the percentage of each type of white blood cell (WBC) that you have in your blood. It also reveals if there are any abnormal or immature cells.

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40
Q

leukocytes

A

WBC’s (Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes)

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41
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes and Monocytes
B.E.N. (phils)
L.M. (cytes)

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42
Q

Neutrophils

A

A type of WBC that’s an important part of the immune system & helps the body fight infection. One of the first immune cells to respond to viruses. They travel to the site of infection, where they destroy the microorganisms by ingesting them & releasing enzymes that kill them. A neutrophil is a type of granulocyte and a type of phagocyte.

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43
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A type of WBC – B cells and T cells. A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood & lymph tissue. The two main types of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.

44
Q

What is the difference between B cells & T cells?

A

B lymphocytes make antibodies, and T lymphocytes help kill tumor cells and help control immune responses.

45
Q

Monocytes

A

A type of WBC and immune cell made in the bone marrow that travels through the blood to tissues in the body where it becomes a macrophage or a dendritic cell. Macrophages surround and kill microorganisms, ingest foreign material, remove dead cells, and boost immune responses. During inflammation, dendritic cells boost immune responses by showing antigens on their surface to other cells of the immune system. Also a type of phagocyte.

46
Q

Eosinophils

A

A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma. An eosinophil is a type of WBC and a type of granulocyte. Eosinophils provide important defense against parasites by phagocytosis and producing antihistamines.

47
Q

Basophils

A

A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that are released during allergic reactions and asthma. A basophil is a type of WBC and a type of granulocyte. Basophils can stimulate inflammation responses by releasing heparin, histamine, and serotonin.

48
Q

WBC’s make up what % of the entire blood volume?

A

1%

49
Q

RBC’s make up what % of the entire blood volume?

A

45%

50
Q

Granular leukocytes include ——————–

A

neutrophils, eosinophil and basophil

51
Q

nongranular leukocytes include ———————-

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

52
Q

hematocrit is:

A

A blood test that measures how much of a person’s blood is made up of RBC’s. This measurement depends on the number of and size of the RBC’s.

53
Q

Complete Blood Count: The CBC test isolates and counts the 7 types of cells found in the blood:

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, red blood cell, lymphocyte, monocyte, and platelet.

54
Q

Hemoglobin is

A

a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The hemoglobin test measures how much hemoglobin is in your blood.

55
Q

Platelets are:

A

Platelets are particles in the blood that help the blood clot. They are smaller than red or white blood cells.

56
Q

Polycythemia Vera (PV) is marked by:

A

an increase in RBC production

57
Q

In 90% PV cases there is —————

A

a mutation of the JAK2 gene. Mutated RBC proliferate & scar tissue forms.

58
Q

What happens in the “spent” phase of PV?

A
  • spleen enlargement despite treatment
  • anemia (low RBC levels) - ironic
  • thrombocytopenia (low platelet levels) - increased hemorrhage risk
  • leukopenia (low WBC levels)
  • mutated cells have taken over bone marrow which is filled w/ scar tissue
59
Q

The spent phase of PV is really a different disease called ————

A

Myelofibrosis - occurs when mutated cells have replaced your bone marrow with scar tissue.

60
Q

Myelofibrosis is a rare blood cancer that’s a form of —–.

A

chronic leukemia

61
Q

Primary myelofibrosis - underlying cause

A

The underlying cause of primary myelofibrosis is unknown (idiopathic). Approximately, 50 percent of people with PMF have a mutation of the JAK2 gene. This gene is also mutated in essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera.

62
Q

Secondary myelofibrosis can develop from conditions like —– and —-.

A

essential thrombocythemia (excess platelets are produced) and PV (excess RBC).

63
Q

How does Ruxolitinib help myelofibrosis patients?

A

Ruxolitinib inhibits the JAK-STAT pathway, and also causes reduction in spleen size.

64
Q

When the body has too few neutrophils, the condition is called —-

A

neutropenia

64
Q

The liquid part of your blood is called —–.

A

Plasma. Over half of your blood is plasma. The solid part of your blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

65
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Platelets help blood to clot when you have a cut or wound.

66
Q

Red blood cells live about — days, and platelets live about — days.

A

Red blood cells live about 120 days, and platelets live about 6 days.

67
Q

How many blood types are there and name them:

A

There are four blood types: A, B, AB, or O.

68
Q

In addition to blood types, blood is either — or — .

A

blood is either Rh-positive or Rh-negative. So type A blood is either A positive or A negative. Which type you are is important if you need a blood transfusion. And your Rh factor could be important if you become pregnant.

69
Q

Five major categories of cancer are:

A
  • Carcinoma - Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. (80-90% of all cases)
  • Sarcoma – originates in supporting and connective tissues (bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle, fat)
  • Myeloma – originates in plasma cells of bone marrow
  • leukemia; and lymphoma.
70
Q

PCR Test

A

PCR Test (Polymerase Chain Reaction) - used to make many copies of a specific piece of DNA from a sample that contains very tiny amounts of that DNA. PCR allows these pieces of DNA to be amplified so they can be detected. If you’re responding to treatment, your doctor will usually take a blood sample and run a PCR test every three months. It’s a very reliable test that can detect one leukaemia cell in up to 100,000 normal blood cells.

71
Q

PCR results are expressed as —— .

A

PCR results are expressed as percentages. The results tell you what proportion of your blood cells are leukaemia cells.

72
Q

GvHD

A

GvHD (Graft vs. Host Disease) means the graft (donated marrow or stem cells) reacts against the host (the person having the transplant). GvHD happens when particular types of white blood cell (T cells) in the donated stem cells or bone marrow attack your own body cells.

73
Q

Translocation

A

A translocation, as related to genetics, occurs when a chromosome breaks and the (typically two) fragmented pieces re-attach to different chromosomes. The detection of chromosomal translocations can be important for the diagnosis of certain genetic diseases and disorders.
t (12:21) = “Translocation between chromosomes 12 and 21” (ALL);
or t (9:20) (CML)

74
Q

Any drug that ends in “tinib” is:

A

Any drug that ends in “tinib” is a Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TK): Imatinib, Dasatinib, Nilotinib, Bosutinib, Ponatinib

75
Q

MGUS

A

MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance) is a non-cancerous condition where the body makes an abnormal protein, called a paraprotein. Although MGUS is not a cancer, people with it have a slightly higher risk of developing: myeloma (a cancer of blood cells called plasma cells) lymphoma (a cancer of blood cells called lymphocytes).

76
Q

What scan might you have if you’re also experiencing cardiotoxicity?

A

MUGA Scan - Some cancer treatments can cause heart problems (“cardiotoxicity”). If you receive a cancer treatment known to cause heart problems, your team will want to monitor your heart. One scan they can use is a Multigated Acquisition Scan or a MUGA scan.
A MUGA scan creates a video of the blood pumping through the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. It can show problems with the way the heart is pumping and blood flow.

77
Q

ECHO

A

ECHO - An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) and an echocardiogram (echo) are tests that help find problems with the heart muscle, valves, or rhythm. You may need 1 or both of these tests before starting some cancer treatments, like certain chemotherapy or a bone marrow/stem cell transplant.

78
Q

PMF (Primary Myelofibrosis) is marked by — and —.

A

PMF is marked by an enlarged spleen and progressive anemia.

79
Q

Sometimes MDS becomes —.

A

Sometimes, myelodysplastic syndrome becomes acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

80
Q

What is the JAK2 gene?

A

A gene that makes a protein that sends signals in cells to promote cell growth and helps control the number of RBC’s, WBC’s & platelets made in the bone marrow. Mutated forms of the JAK gene have been found in some types of blood conditions, including PV, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. These changes may cause the body to make too many blood cells.

81
Q

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI)

A

A substance that blocks the action of enzymes called tyrosine kinases. Tyrosine kinases are a part of many cell functions, including cell signaling, growth, and division. These enzymes may be too active or found at high levels in some types of cancer cells, & blocking them may help keep cancer cells from growing.

82
Q

Chromosome

A

Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes.

83
Q

Rank the following items in order from largest to smallest:
* cell
* chromosome
* gene
* DNA
* organism
* nucleus.

A

The ranking of the given items from largest to smallest is as follows:
Organism > Cell > Nucleus > Chromosome > Gene > DNA

84
Q

What are monoclonal gammopathies?

A

Monoclonal gammopathies are conditions in which abnormal proteins are found in the blood. These proteins grow from a small number of plasma cells in the bone marrow.

85
Q

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) is a type of —- therapy.

A

Targeted therapy

86
Q

Polycythemia Vera is considered to be in this disease group:

A

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

87
Q

Idiopathic

A

Describes a disease of unknown cause.

88
Q

lower than normal amount of sodium in the blood is called —

A

hyponatremia

89
Q

The presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ is called —

A

Dysplasia

90
Q

Splenectomy

A

An operation to remove the spleen

91
Q

PMF stands for —- and is marked by —- and —-.

A

Primary Myelofibrosis marked by an enlarged spleen and progressive anemia.

92
Q

Name 3 types of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms:

A

Myelofibrosis, Essential Thrombocythemia, and Polycythemia Vera

93
Q

___ is clinically categorized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome.

A

CML

94
Q

What are hematopoietic growth factors?

A

A group of proteins that causes blood cells to grow and mature. The genes for several of them have been cloned and their production engineered by recombinant technology, making them widely available.

95
Q

What is the difference between MUGA vs. Echo?

A

Both generate images showing how the heart beats. Echo scan uses sound waves. MUGA scan uses nuclear imaging via a radiotracer

96
Q

More than —– percent of individuals with —– have a mutation of the JAK2 gene.

A

More than 90 percent of individuals with PV have a mutation of the JAK2 gene.

97
Q

What is the difference between ET and MF?

A

ET is often asymptomatic in the early stages, with many unaware of their condition until a routine blood test reveals the excessive platelet count.

MF is characterized by the scarring of the bone marrow and is more serious. This scarring disrupts the normal production of blood cells, leading to various symptoms including fatigue, weakness, and discomfort from an enlarged spleen.

98
Q

What is a MUD transplant?

A

Matched Unrelated Donor. Riskier than transplants w/ relatives.

99
Q

Idiopathic definition

A

relating to any disease or condition which arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown.

100
Q

What is hypomethylation in cancer treatment?

A

DNA hypomethylating drugs reprogram tumor cells to a normal-like state and sensitize the cells to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Azacitidine and decitabine are used to treat myeloid leukemias; more drugs are under development.

101
Q

____ is the only treatment for MDS that has the potential to cure it.

A

Stem cell transplant is the only treatment for MDS that has the potential to cure it.

102
Q

Biomarker definition

A

Biomarkers are substances such as proteins and genes that tell us how well the body responds to a treatment for a disease or condition.

103
Q

suffix: “emia”

A

Suffix meaning blood or referring to the presence of a substance in the blood. As for example, anemia (lack of blood) and hypervolemia (too high a volume of blood).

104
Q

Cytogenic testing

A

bone marrow or blood test that identifies risk category based on your chromosomes.

105
Q
A

Heme Myeloid (2 decks)

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