Hematopoietics Flashcards
only actively regulated process to control the amount of iron in the body
absorption
in combination with poor dietary intake, is a common cause of folate deficiency
alcoholism
common in anemia due to decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood causing elevated heart rate
angina
type of anemia caused by cancer chemotherapeutics, chloramphenicol and benzene
aplastic
can, for example, block intrinsic factor-cobalamin interaction or the receptor for it in the ileum, or target H-K-ATPase of parietal cells
autoantibody
increases due to the increased viscosity of blood caused by epoetin alfa
blood pressure
although filgrastim can speed the recovery from severe neutropenia, there is little evidence of impact on this for this expensive drug
clinical outcomes
heme-containing proteins (2 words)
cytochrome P450
prevents formation of complement membrane attack complex, treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria caused by insufficient GPI-linked CD59 and CD55 on the RBC cell surface that otherwise protects from this type of attack
eculizumab
potentially especially vulnerable to cognitive decline cause by vitamin B12 deficiency that has been masked by the consumption of folate fortified foods
elderly
orally active non-peptide thrombopoietin agonist approved for treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and the thrombocytopenia seen with hepatitis C
eltrombopag
recombinant erythropoiesis-stimulating glycoprotein with a.a. sequence identical to erythropoietin; administered to treat anemia secondary to chronic kidney disease or chemotherapy to reduce the need for allogeneic RBC transfusions
epoetin alfa
a recombinant granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, it increases growth and proliferation of neutrophil progenitor cells and also facilitates actions of mature neutrophils (e.g., phagocytosis, respiratory burst)
filgrastim
plasma levels of this micronutrient fall within 3 weeks of inadequate intake from animal products and leafy vegetables
folate
production is decreased by thalassemic disorders
globins
transports ~98.5% of the oxygen in the blood
hemoglobin
type of anemia frequently caused by cephalosporins and some penicillins (e.g., piperacillin)
hemolytic
most common cause of drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia
heparin
peptide produced by the liver that acts to block ferroportin export from enterocytes and macrophages
hepcidin
cancer chemotherapeutic agent approved for the treatment of sickle-cell anemia because it somehow boost the levels of (normal) fetal hemoglobin
hydroxyurea
increased incidence of this is a predictable consequence of eculizumab therapy, and overwhelming amount can also cause neutropenia
infection
glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells, complexes with cobalamin to facilitate its uptake via cubulin receptors in the ileum
intrinsic factor
has been one of the leading causes of death by toxicological agents in children < 6 years old
iron poisoning
cause nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, anorexia, heart burn and dark stools
iron tablets
indication (abbr.) for romiplostim or eltrombopag
ITP
releases erythropoietin in response to hypoxia; failure of this organ causes a normochromic normocytic anemia
kidney
environmental toxin that can block heme synthesis
lead
a reason to administer filgrastim+/- plerixafor to mobilize hematopoietic progenitor cells
leukapheresis
consequence of peripheral vasodilatation due to oxygen-poor blood (2 words)
lowpressure
anemia in which erythroblasts double protein but were unable to synthesize new DNA; extrusion of nucleus now leaves a large RBC
macrocytic
among the good dietary sources of iron
meat
anemia in which the MCV < 80 fL; iron deficiency is the most common cause (e.g., due to heavy menstrual bleeding)
microcytic
frequently heard in anemia (e.g., because the thinner blood leaks through the closed valves)
murmur
approximately half-saturated with oxygen at 2 torr, reason oxygen can be striped from hemoglobin and stored in muscles
myoglobin
symptoms that, when present, justify parenteral vitamin B12
neurological
considered severe if absolute count of these cells is <500/microliter; low-grade fever, sore mouth, severe pain from swallowing, upper and lower airway inflammation and perianal pain and irritation are among its symptoms
neutropenia
life-threatening complication of chemotherapy; hypotension, COPD, dehydration and age >60 years are among the risk factors for underlying gram-neagative (e.g Psudomonas), gram-positive (e.g., Staph. epidermidis) and/or fungal (e.g., Candid, Aspergillus) infections
neutropenic fever
hypersegmented in macrocytic anemia
neutrophils
recombinant form of IL-11, increases platelet levels via unknown mechanism, does not have a major clinical use
oprelvekin
appropriate route of administration for vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia provided dose is ~500X the daily requirement
oral
adverse consequence of free heme or iron in the body (2words)
oxidative stress
sign of anemia that can be evident from a distance
pallor
refers to anemia associate with loss of intrinsic factor
pernicious
partial agonist at CXCR4 receptors important for homing of hematopoietic stem cells, an expensive orphan drug administered when filgrastim alone cannot mobilize enough stem cells for autologous transplant
plerixafor
contributes to the reason that 2 of the 4 heme moieties of hemoglobin have a bound O2 molecule at 26.8 torr
positive cooperativity
well known reason for folate intake to be increase
pregnancy
antiarrhythmic drug, a classic cause of drug-induced non-immune thrombocytopenia
quinidine
often expected within a few days after initiating appropriate therapy for microcytic or macrocytic anemia; increases in hematocrit and hemoglobin follow shortly thereafter
reticulocytosis
a “peptibody” has 2 IgG constant regions linked by a peptide; has no homology to thrombopoietin but nevertheless stimulates the thrombopoietin receptor to promote platelet production
romiplostim
recombinant GM-CSF, acts in the bone marrow to increase production of neutrophils, eosinophils and monocyte/macrophages; in comparison to filgrastim, has a greater number of adverse effects (e.g., fluid retention, dyspnea due to sequestration of granulocytes in pulmonary circulation, fatal “gasping syndrome” in premature infants)
sargramostim
among the causes of iron loss (3 words)
sloughing of cells
aka c-kit, has potent synergistic actions on early progenitor cells, but cannot be used since this stimulatory effect extends to mast cells and gives rise to severe allergic reactions
stem cell factor
whether black and tarry, magenta or bright red, blood loss here can be significant
stool
stimulates platelet production; recombinant forms were withdrawn from the market due to frequent autoantibody production leading to profound thrombocytopenia
thrombopoietin
can readily meet their daily needs of vitamin B12 by eating fortified breakfast cereals
vegetarians
needed to generate methionine from homocysteine and tetrahydrofolate from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate
vitamin B12
period of time required to develop vitamin B12 deficiency, a reflection of need vs body stores
years
