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Pathology 2 > Hematopoietic System > Flashcards

Hematopoietic System Flashcards

1
Q

[T/F] Under normal circumstances only immature cells are released into the systemic circulation.

A

FALSE - only MATURE cells are released

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2
Q

When immature cells are released into the bone marrow, this indicates…? (2 things)

A

Stress or DZ

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3
Q

Name 4 abnormal hematology findings to examine the bone marrow.

A
  1. Unexplained cytopenias
  2. Maturation defects and morphologic abnormalities in blood cells
  3. Myeloproliferative/lymphoproliferative DZ
  4. Potential malignancies that are metastatic to MB
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4
Q

What are the main components of the hematopoietic system?

A

Bone marrow, blood cells, lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and thymus/bursa

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5
Q

In the EMBRYO, where do the hematopoietic cells originate?

A

Yolk sac

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6
Q

What are the most common places for extra medullary hematopoiesis (EMH)?

A
  1. Spleen

2. Liver

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7
Q

How long does it take to form: Neutrophils, platelets and erythrocytes?

A

N: hours
P: days
E: months

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8
Q

What species of animal DOES NOT release reticulocytes into circulation even in situations of increase demand?

A

Horses

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9
Q

What are the 3 factors that control hematopoiesis?

A

Cytokines, hormones and growth factors

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10
Q

[T/F] Bone marrow act as a single tissue unit

A

TRUE - A sample of BM taken anywhere, represents the BM as a whole

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11
Q

How can you evaluate the BM samples?

A

Aspirates

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12
Q

What kind of bone marrow aspirates can be done?

A

Bone marrow smears and core biopsies

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13
Q

Bone marrow smears are evaluated by a _________ pathologist, while a core biopsy is evaluated by _________

A

First blank: Clinical

Second blank: Morphological

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14
Q

What is the Myeloid:Erythroid ratio in a normal bone marrow core biopsy?

A

1.5 : 1.0 ( M : E )

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15
Q

Color of BM in young animals is ____ and consistent throughout the bone

A

Red

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16
Q

[T/F] A young animal (5-6 months) cannot get serous atrophy of fat

A

FALSE - if the animal is starved or fed a poor quality feed, they can

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17
Q

What would serous atrophy of fat look like in a necropsy?

A

Jelly like, yellowish material that is replacing BM

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18
Q

What are the 3 causes of BM degeneration/necrosis that can interfere with hematopoiesis?

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Chemical, antineoplastic drugs
  3. Viral infections
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19
Q

BM necrosis and osteomyelitis may result in __________________

A

Pancytopenia

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20
Q

______________ osteomyelitis results in bacterial infections, while ___________ osteomyelitis results in fungal infections

A

First blank: Suppurative

Second blank: Granulomatous

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21
Q

What is the main inflammatory cell type you will see in a granulomatous infection?

A

Macrophages

22
Q

_________ is an example of multifocal granulomatous osteomyelitis

A

Tuberculosis

23
Q

[T/F] Cytauxozoonosis (cytauxozoon felis) is often fatal

A

TRUE - may occlude the lumina of vessels of certain organs (lung, brain, liver, lymph node and spleen)

24
Q

What animal is the reservoir for cytauxzoonosis?

A

Bobcats

25
Q

What are the 2 phases of cytauxzoonosis?

A
  1. Schizogenous phase

2. Erythrocytic phase

26
Q

What does the first phase (_________ phase) of cytauxzoonosis cause?

A

Schizogenous phase; Systemic illness (via blocking/occluding)

27
Q

What does the second phase (_________ phase) of cytauxzoonosis cause?

A

Erythrocytic phase; Anemia

28
Q

What occurs during hypoplasia/atrophy of BM?

A

Decreased proliferative activity

Increase in yellow marrow and marrow degeneration

29
Q

Give an example of hypoplasia/atrophy of BM

A

BM dmg secondary to feline panleukopenia virus infection

30
Q

Myelophthisis and abnormality of hematopoietic cells results in __________

A

Pancytopenia

31
Q

[T/F] Myelophthisis is when the myeloid tissue is being replaced by abnormal tissue

A

TRUE

32
Q

Name the 2 types of myelophthisis:

A
  1. Myelofibrosis

2. Malignant neoplasia

33
Q

What color is the BM during BM hyperplasia?

A

Red; the red marrow is replacing yellow marrow

34
Q

When/how does BM hyperplasia occur?

A
  1. Decrease in cell #s in blood cause by increased peripheral demand (Chronic infections)
  2. Adequate #s of hypofunctional cells in peripheral blood (Cells are present but DO NOT work)
35
Q

[T/F] BM hyperplasia results in decreased cell production in the marrow

A

FALSE - increased cell production!! Does it in response to poietins and interleukins

36
Q

Define primary neoplasia

A

neoplastic transformation of cells normally found in the BM

37
Q

Primary neoplasia can be divided into 2 categories. What are they? Which is more common?

A
  1. Lymphoproliferative DZ - more common

2. Myeloproliferative DZ

38
Q

[T/F] Lymphoproliferative DZ occurs if neoplastic transformation is found in one or more non-lymphoid marrow cell lines. Myeloproliferative DZ occurs if BM and/or extramedullary neoplastic transformation of a lymphoid cell line.

A

FALSE - switch

39
Q

Name 3 types of lymphoproliferative DZ

A
  1. Lymphoma
  2. Lymphoid leukemia
  3. Plasma cell tumors/neoplasia
40
Q

Name 3 types of myeloproliferative DZ

A
  1. Myeloid leukemia
  2. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
  3. Histiocytic neoplasms
41
Q

Name the basic classification of leukemias (4 of them). Which of the 4 is uncommon? Which is rare?

A

CLL - Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (uncommon)
ALL - Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
CML - Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (rare)
AML - Acute Myeloid Leukemia

42
Q

Name 3 types of plasma cell tumors/neoplasia. Classify them as malignant/benign. Are they all rare?

A
  1. Multiple myeloma - malignant/rare
  2. Cutaneous plasmacytoma - benign/rare
  3. Extramedullary plasmacytoma - malignant/rare
43
Q

How can you ID multiple myeloma in an X-Ray? Clinical signs?

A

X-Ray: Look for “punched out” appearance in radiographs of bone
CS: Lameness and pathological fractures

44
Q

[T/F] Multiple myeloma may lead to hyper-viscosity syndrome

A

TRUE

45
Q

Difference between acute/chronic myeloid leukemias?

A

Acute is fatal and affects young animals.

Chronic has a longer clinical course and the neoplastic cells are very well-differentiated

46
Q

What are some things (6) myelo/lymphoproliferative DZs have in common?

A 
Anemia
Hypercellular marrow
Leukemic cells
Megaloblastic alterations in erythroid cells
Thrombocytopenia
Hepato/splenomegaly
47
Q

Types of histiocytic neoplasia

A
  1. Histiocytic sarcoma - uncommon/malignant tumor
  2. Cutaneous/systemic histiocytosis
  3. Canine Cutaneous histiocytoma - benign
  4. Feline progressive histiocytosis - dendritic cell origin
48
Q

[T/F] is it common to see histiocytic sarcomas in cats

A

FALSE - rare in cats, common in dogs

49
Q

Characteristics of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)

A

Ineffective and dysplastic hematopoiesis; maturation of marrow cells not clearly neoplastic`

50
Q

Examples of MDS

A

Cats infected with Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV); Congenital dyserythropoiesis, dyskeratosis and progressive alopecia of Herefords

Pathology 2 (2 decks)

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