Hematopoiesis Overview Flashcards
BV = _______ + ________ + _______
WBC = Plasma Volume (55%) + RBC (44%) + WBC & PLTs (1%)
What is not a site of Hematopoiesis? A) spleen B) kidney C) liver D) thymus E) lymph nodes
B) Kidney
Sites of Hematopoeisis: bone marrow, spleen, liver, lymph nodes, thymus
Adult Sites of Hematopoiesis
bone marrow (MEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS) sites: sternum, pelvic iliac crest
Fetal Site of Hematopoiesis
liver
Cell number is adjusted to need and regulated by __________?
Growth Factor
stimulation increases with need
What is extra medullary hematopoiesis?
hematopoisis outside of the bone marrow i.e. in the spleen or liver
result of abnormal requirements for hematopoiesis
____ cells are derived from a pool of stem cells and are ______.
ALL cells are derived from a pool of stem cells SELF-RENEWING
Pluripotential & mutlipotential stem cells give rise to ________ stem cells for each line. _________ stem cells have receptors for specific growth factors. (same word for both blanks)
Committed
What is the growth factor for RBC production?
A) Thrombopoietin
B) Erythropoietin
C) GM-CSF
B) Erythropoietin
A) Thrombopoietin -regulates PLT production
C) GM-CSF - regulates granulocyte and monocyte production
Thymus gland produces __ lymphs. Bone marrow produces __ lymphs.
Thymus - T cells
Bone Marrow - B cells
First recognizable cell in each cell line is:
blast
T/F Immature blast cells are small, with small nucleus and lots of cytoplasm.
False
Immature blast cell: large cell, large nucleus, fine chromatin, small amount of cytoplasm.
T/F Mature Cells are small, with chromatin clumps, Hgb or granules and have as decrease N/C ratio.
True
Normal RBC and Hgb production requires: A) amino acids B) iron C) folic acid D) vitamin B12 E) all of the above
E) All of the above
RBC production is controlled by _______________?
Rate of oxygen delivery to the tissues.
Mainly regulated by erythropoietin produced by the kidneys.
Erythrocyte Maturation: Bone Marrow
four nucleated RBC stages
if nucleated RBCs are found in the blood - abnormal
Erythrocyte Maturation: Reticulocyte
nucleus is lost
blue-tinged red cells
POLYCHROMASIA on a differential report
Erythrocyte Maturation: Blood
mature RBCs
lifespan - 120 days
Normocytic
normal size normal MCV (volume)
Normochromic
normal color
Hgb content
T/F RBC shape doesn’t effect RBC survival.
False - Survival depends on maintaining shape.
Biconcave disc shape is best for oxygen transport and essential to deform in micro vessels.
What are the functions of RBCs?
O2 transport and CO2 removal
What are the building blocks of hemoglobin?
HEME - protoporphyin structure - central iron atom where oxygen binds (transferrin transports iron)
GLOBIN - amino acids in specific order (alpha, beta, gamma delta)
Which is not a normal hemoglobin type? A) Hgb A B) Hgb A2 C) Hgb S D) Hgb F
C) Hgb S - variant type causes sickle formation
3 normal hemoglobin types:
A) Hgb A - main adult type
B) Hgb A2
D) Hgb F - fetal type
Defective Hgb synthesis produces (normo/micro/macro) ____ cytic and/or (normo/hypo/hyper) ______ chromic cells?
microcytic
hypochromic
How are aged or defective red cells removed?
Tissue monocytes called macrophages in the liver and spleen
RBC Destruction what happens to
A) iron
B) protoporphyrin
C) globulin
A) iron is recycled or stored as ferritin
B) protoporphyrin metabolized to bilirubin and urobilinogen - excreted to
C) globin - returned to amino acid pool
Granulocyte Maturation: Bone Marrow
4 stages, granules appear
if in the blood: myelocytes and metamyelocytes - immature neutrophils this is abnormal
Granulocyte Maturation: Marrow and Blood
immature band form
Granulocyte Maturation: Blood
mature segmented form
short lifespan 1-2 days
What is the role of neutrophils?
Phagocytosis
granules contain - lytic enzymes
defend against bacterial infections
Increased numbers of band neutrophils is a left or a right shift?
LEFT
What is the function of eosinophils?
defend against parasitic infections
modify allergic reactions
What is the function of basophils?
immediate hypersensitivity reactions
granules contain histamine
Monocyte Maturation: Bone Marrow & Blood
Monocyte - largest normal cell in the blood
What does a monocyte become when it enters the tissue (bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes, kidney, lungs)?
macrophages
Monocyte Functions
phagocytic cell - doesn’t die - cleans up cells
granules contain lytic enzymes
immune response: APC
T/F Antigen independent differentiation occurs in the primary lymphoid tissue.
True
Lymphocytes defend against bacterial or viral infections?
Viral
T lymphs regulate the ________ immunity.
B lymphs regulate the ________ immunity.
T lymphs: cellular immunity
B lymphs: humoral immunity
Platelet Maturation and Function: Bone Marrow
platelet producing megakaryocyte - sheds cytoplasm and fragments are released into the blood
Platelet Maturation and Function: Blood
act upon first injury - form a platelet plug
smallest cells
lifespan 10 days
What test reflects iron stores w/o doing a biopsy?
Serum ferritin
Ina normal adult, the major site of hematopoiesis occurs in the _______ and is termed __________ hematopoiesis.
Bone marrow, medullary
Erythropoietin regulates erythropoiesis and is released by the ______ in response to ______________.
Kidney, tissue hypoxia
Which of the following statements regarding reticulocytes is FALSE?
a. On a Wright’s stained blood smear, reticulocytes will have a blue appearance
described as polychromasia on the CBC with Differential report.
b. The number of reticulocytes in the blood is a good indicator of the rate of red cell
production by the bone marrow and normally is about 1%.
c. With normal conditions, about 10% of red cells in the blood are newly
released reticulocytes that replace a daily red cell loss of 10%.
c. With normal conditions, about 10% of red cells in the blood are newly
released reticulocytes that replace a daily red cell loss of 10%.
Daily red cell loss of 1% is replaced by release of retics by the bone marrow into the
blood.
TRUE or FALSE. Normal erythrocyte and hemoglobin production requires intact
bone marrow function, sufficient erythropoietin stimulation and adequate supplies (e.g. iron).
True
TRUE or FALSE. Red cell survival may be shortened by rigid, abnormally shaped red
cells with membrane defects or a variant hemoglobin type (e.g., Hgb S).
TRUE
The main hemoglobin type found in normal adult red cells is:
a. Hemoglobin A composed of alpha and beta globin chains
b. Hemoglobin A2 composed of alpha and delta globin chains
c. Hemoglobin F composed of alpha and gamma globin chains
a. Hemoglobin A composed of alpha and beta globin chains ~97%
The most numerous white cells in the blood of normal adults are:
a. band neutrophils and monocytes
b. monocytes and lymphocytes
c. segmented neutrophils and lymphocytes
d. eosinophils and basophils
e. blast cells and nucleated red cells
c. segmented neutrophils and lymphocytes
Which of the following best describes the function of the neutrophil?
a. Becomes a macrophage of the reticuloendothelial system (RES); clears debris
and old or damaged cells.
b. Major role is phagocytosis; defense against bacteria.
c. Acts in humoral immunity; end-stage is an antibody producing plasma cell.
d. Active in allergic states; controls parasites.
b
A decreased number of white cells, red cells and platelets in the peripheral blood is called: a. pancytosis b. pancytopenia c. hyperplasia d. thrombocytopenia
b. pancytopenia
EDTA works by to prevent blood coagulation and is
the preferred anticoagulant for performing .
a. inhibiting thrombin, cell counts
b. binding calcium, coagulation tests
c. inhibiting thrombin, coagulation tests
d. binding calcium, cell counts
d. binding calcium, cell counts
Sodium citrate works by binding calcium and is the preferred anticoagulant for
performing coagulation tests.
Control samples are run to monitor the testing process and can detect:
a. Pre-analytical errors such as wrong patient identification.
b. Specimen collection errors that affect sample integrity. = pre-analytical
c. Analytical errors caused by improper function of equipment or ‘bad’
reagents.
c
Match the blood collection error with the best description or result listed on the right: Hemoconcentration- what causes it?
Prolonged stasis causes falsely high results.
Match the blood collection error with the best description or result listed on the right: Hemolysis- What causes it?
Ruptured blood cells cause invalid results.
Match the blood collection error with the best description or result listed on the right: Partially clotted blood- what does it cause?
Cells trapped in fibrin cause falsely low results.
