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Pathology 2 > HEMATOPOIESIS III—IMMUNE SYSTEM & LYMPHOID ORGANS > Flashcards

HEMATOPOIESIS III—IMMUNE SYSTEM & LYMPHOID ORGANS Flashcards

1
Q

Name two general functions of the lymphoid system

A
  1. helps maintain fluid balance in the tissues of the body.

2. it has a major role in the defense against infection

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2
Q

function of lymphatic vessels

A

1) one way system to the heart
2) return of collected excess tissue fluid
3) return of leaked protein

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3
Q

How do lymph capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

A
  • originate as pockets rather than continuous tubes -larger diameter with thinner walls
  • flattened/IR outline in sectional view
  • incomplete or absent basal lamina vessel walls= act as one-way mini valves allowing excess fluid, proteins, electrolytes, bacteria and viruses not to leave
  • prominent ones located in most organs but absent in areas that lack blood supply (ie: cornea, bone marrow and CNS)
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4
Q

Two types of lymphatic collecting vessels

A

1) Superficial in subcutaneous layer deep to skin traveling with superficial veins (ie: areolar tissues of mucous membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary tracts)
2) Deep lymphatic vessels (larger) accompany deep arteries and veins to skeletal muscle, organs of the neck, limbs, trunk and walls of visceral organs.

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5
Q

Central Lymphoid Organs

A

thymus

bone marrow are involved in the production and early secretion of lymphocytes

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6
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

is an immune reaction against self molecules

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7
Q

Peripheral Lymphoid Organs

A

lymph nodes and isolated cells found in the mucosa of the digestive system (tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix), the respiratory system, the reproductive system, and the urinary systems are collectively known as MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) and considered a lymphoid organ.

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8
Q

What kind of immune response does the peripheral lymphoid organs elicit?

A

adaptive immune response

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9
Q

What is the significant of Waldeyer’s ring?

A

form a circle at the entrance of the gut and airway to initiate a immune response.

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10
Q

What are characteristics of Innate Response?

A

1) Pathogen specificity is broad and programmed in germline DNA
2) Macrophrages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and NK cells are directly involved with killing pathogens
3) Can lead to autoinflammation diseases

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11
Q

What are the two types of immune responses?

A

Innate (natural) repsonse and Adaptive Response

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12
Q

Antigen

A

molecule that is recognized by the cells of the immune system and may elicit a response.

Examples: May be soluble molecules (proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleoproteins) or molecules belonging to whole cells (bacteria, protozoa, tumor cells, or virus-infected cells).

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13
Q

Which response is the most primitive, responds to general classes of molecules?

A

Innate (natural)

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14
Q

Characteristics of adaptive repsonse:

A 
Antigens
Memory Cells
Cell T 
Humoral- Antibodies 
Can recognize proteins, bacteria, tumor cells, virus-infected cells
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15
Q

Memory Cells

A

increase the speed and vigor of subsequent response

Ex: vaccinations work by inducing memory cell production

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16
Q

What is the adaptive immune response dependent on?

A

lymphocytic recognition of antigens

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17
Q

Which is the faster immune response?

A

innate

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18
Q

What is autoimmune disease a result of:

A

adaptive immune responses to self-antigens.

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19
Q

Two mechanisms of auto immune response

A

1) Cell T 2) Humoral

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20
Q

antibodies belong to which family?

A

antibodies = immuninoglobulin (Ig) family & combine with a specific antigen

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21
Q

Two types of antibodies

A

Free- circulate in plasma, leave vessels to tissues or present in the secretion of some epithelia

Not free- integral membrane proteinson the surface of lymphocytes

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22
Q

What is the role of T cells?

A

primarily in charge of eliminating the antigen. Directly kill infected cells or activate macrophages

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23
Q

What runs the humoral response?

A

antibodies

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24
Q

What do B lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

plasma cells

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25
Q

What do plasma cells secrete?

A

antibodies

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26
Q

Immunocompetent cell

A

cell involved in the immune response that is fully mature and functional. Performs its role by recognizing and responding to antigens

27
Q

What are functions of the APC?

A

1) Determines the fate of T cells
2) Promotes cellular or humoral immunity
3) Enhance or suppress response to antigen

28
Q

Name the development and maturation sites for B lymphocytes

A

1) develop from CFU-L stem cells (lymphoid colony forming unit - common lymphoid progenitor) in the bone marrow
2) DNA rearrangement and somatic mutation to generate alleles for antibody diversity
3) non responding cell or unfunctioning antigens are eliminated
4) leave the bone marrow &circulate via lymph and blood
5) develop peripheral tolerance – additional receptor editing or cell elimination to reduce autoreactivity
6) maturation and travel to secondary lymphoid tissues, e.g., lymph node

29
Q

Name the development and maturation sites for T lymphocytes

A

1) develop from CFU-L progenitor cells in the thymus
2) DNA rearrangements & somatic mutations (antigen diversity)
3) circulate among secondary lymphatic tissues
4) proliferate and differentiate into one of several effector or memory cell types in response to its specific antigen in a complex with an antigen-presenting cell.

30
Q

What are functions of plasma cells?

A

Secrete antibodies:

1) Block the activity of an antigen
2) Mark the antigen for phagocytosis
3) Activate the complement system which directly kills some bacteria and activates cells of the innate immune system

31
Q

what are the Primary/Central lymphoid tissues and its function?

A

bone marrow & thymus
-sites of antigen-independent lymphocyte generation and differentiation (bone marrow for B cells and thymus / bone marrow for T cells).

32
Q

Oppositive of immunocompotent cell and some examples?

A

immunodeficient or immunocompromised = newborns, AIDs patient, or transplant patient

33
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC)

A

form complexes with T cells that include a peptide from the specific antigen recognized by the T cell as well as several cell surface proteins

34
Q

What are characteristics of peripheral lymphoid tissue?

A

tissues in which antigen-dependent, adaptive immune responses are initiated and the lymphatic vessels that connect them to other tissues and the blood stream.

35
Q

Peripheral lymphoid tissues include:

A

lymph follicles (nodules), lymph nodes, the spleen, and lymphatic vessels

36
Q

Examples of confluent nodules, partially and fully encapsulated nodules.

A

Peyer’s Patches / appendix –> confluent
Tonsils –> confluent, partially encapsulated
Spleen / lymph nodes –> fully encapsulated

37
Q

Lymphoid nodules are collectively known as

A

MALT

38
Q

What are functions of a lymph node?

A

1) Filters lymph; all lymph passes through at least one lymph node before entering blood stream
2) Removes foreign substances, microorganisms, cancer cells from lymph

39
Q

what does MALT stand for and the different types:

A

MALT: Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT- gut; BALT; bronchus; CALT; conjunctiva)

40
Q

Function of the spleen

A

1) Filters blood to remove damaged, worn-out cells (lymph nodes filter lymph; spleen filters blood)
2) Activates immune responses to substances and microbes in the blood

41
Q

Functions of lymph vessels

A

1) Connects parts of lymph system to the blood and vasculature
2) Carries fluid and lymphocytes from lymph nodes to veins
3) Carries fluid and antigen-bearing cells from most tissues to lymph nodes
4) Connects chains of lymph nodes
5) Critical for maintaining balanced tissue fluid flow 6) Destruction of Erythrocytes: Macrophages in the splenic cords engulf and digest the erythrocytes that frequently fragment in the extracellular space.

42
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessels

A

drain lymph INTO the lymph node; pass through the capsule of lymph node; several located on each node

43
Q

Follicular Cortex (Outer Cortex)

A

B CELL ZONE–>Superficial cortex; contains many primary and secondary germ lymphatic nodules containing B-cells

44
Q

Parafollicular Cortex (paracortex)

A

T-CELL ZONE –>location of T-lymphocytes and APC

45
Q

Medulla

A

contains B and T cells: central portion of the lymph node; location of medullary cords and medullary sinus

46
Q

Cortical Sinuses

A

lymph passes through cortical sinuses after enter via afferent vessel; dendritic cells and macrophages present to phagocytize lymph content

47
Q

Medullary cords

A

macrophage rich area; contains plasma cells that secreted enriched antibodies

collect lymph that has filtered through cortex; Drains into efferent lymphatic vessels

48
Q

Name a place where antigen and antigen-specific lymphocytes have a high probability of crossing paths to initiate an immune response

A

Lymph Nodes

49
Q

Efferent lymphatic vessels

A

drain lymph OUT of lymph node; located at the hilum; can drain into circulatory system or another lymph node

50
Q

Identify T and B cell-rich zones in the lymph node cortex

A

Outer=B-cells

Deep and Inner =T-cells

51
Q

Red pulp

A

-Composed of splenic cords and sinusoids (RBCs)
-Macrophages - engulf damaged cells or foreign
Plasma cells for antibodies
ALL blood cells

52
Q

White pulp

A

lymphoid tissue –>
-PALS (which consists mostly of Tcells)- central artery and the peripheral white pulp (consisting mostly of Bcells). The nodule is surrounded by marginal zone sinuses= APC trafficking

53
Q

What is the Largest secondary lymphoid organ?

A

Spleen

54
Q

Splenic sinusoids

A

separate the splenic cords. Elongated endothelial cells line the sinusoids of the spleen with the long axes parallel to the long axes of the sinusoids.

55
Q

Main function of the thymus

A

T-cell maturation (“education” – they learn how to differentiate self from non self) – most active before puberty then the thymus begins to atrophy into adulthood
NO B cells; NO follicles

56
Q

medulla

A

T cells!
Epithelial reticular cell stroma
fewer lymphoid cells, contains Hassal’s corpuscles

57
Q

Hassal’s corpuscle

A

in the medulla; composed of concentric circles of epithelial –> aid in T-cell maturation

58
Q

Medullary Sinuses-

A

provide network through medullary sinus that lymph must pass through in medulla before reaching the efferent lymphatic vessel

59
Q

Splenic cords

A

contain a network of reticular cells and is supported by reticular fibers. They contain T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells and many blood cells (erythrocytes, platelets, and granulocytes).

60
Q

Components of the thymus:

A

Blood thymus barrier, cortex, medulla, Hassal’s corpuscle

61
Q

blood thymus barrier

A

barrier that regulates what substances can get into the thymus—prevents immature T-cells from coming into contact with foreign antigens too early

62
Q

cortex

A

composed of lymphoid cells

63
Q

red pulp contains?

A

platelets, granulocytes, RBCs, plasma

64
Q

white pulp contains?

A

lymphocytes and T cells

Pathology 2 (6 decks)

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