Hematopoiesis 1 and 2- Blood Flashcards
Define Hematopoiesis
The process of blood cell development
Hematopoietic Tissues (fetus, baby, adult)
Fetus—> Liver (primary), thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen. Baby –> entire marrow Adults –>Red Bone Marrow (of the humerus, femur, pelvis, skull, vertebrae and ribs)
What are the different formed elements?
RBCs, leukocytes, platelets
Blood volume is made up of:
RBCs: 41-53% in males 36-46% in females Leukocytes: <1% Plasma: 49-64%
Describe the characteristics of plasma
Plasma: 90% water 7% protein 0.9% inorganic ions the rest is nutrients, hormones, blood gases, etc.
Name major plasma proteins
albumin, globulins, fibrinogen and prothrombin
Define the term serum
The fluid portion of the blood obtained after the removal fibrin clot and blood cells.
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
serum does not contain clotting factors or platelets
Erythrocytes
Are mature RBCs
Macrocyte
Are large erythrocytes, larger than 9 mcm. Seen in cases of low folic acid.
Microcyte
A small, less than 6mcm, nonnucleated RBC. Seen in cases of low iron.
Reticulocyte
A young RBC; Usually about 1-2% of your RBCs; stain blue due to residual ribosomal RNA.
What is the concentration of RBC difference in males vs. females
males = 4.5-5.9x10^6 cells per microliter females = 4-5.2 x10^6 cells per microliter
What is the life span of a RBC?
120 days
What is the function of a RBC?
transport O2 through your body and to help remove CO2 from your body.
What are the two major types of leukocytes?
Granulocytes (polymorphonuclear) & Agranulocytes (mononuclear)
What are the different types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Esinophils, Basophils
Types of Agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Thombocytes (platelets)
what is the most abundant leukocute?
neutrophil
Characteristics of neutrophil
2x as big as RBC nuclei: 2-5 (usually 3 linked by chromatin) life span: SHORT (6-7 hrs in blood. 1-4 days in connective tissue)
Why can neutrophils survive in poorly oxygenated tissue?
Few mitochondria active glycolysis allows cell survival
Which leukocyte is the first leukocytes to extravasate in response to infection or injury
neutrophil
Leukocyte associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections?
Eosinophils
Characteristics of eosinophil
same size as neutrophils nuclei: bilobed/trilobed; life span: 8-12 hours in blood, 8-12 days in tissue
Normal tissues eosinophils found in:
connective tissues underlying epitherlia of bronchi GI tract uterus vagina.
Least common leukocyte
basophils
Characteristics of basophils
IR lobed nucleus life span: 10-15 days in blood, few hours-days in tissues
Function of basophils
basophils bind IgE antibodies to acquire specificity for allergens. May serve as an antigen-presenting cell
most abundant agranulocyte
lymphocyte
type types of lymphocytes
T cells B cells NK cells
what does the size and morphology of leukocytes depend on
activation state
Where are B and T lymphocytes made?
T–>produced in bone marrow but leave and mature in the thymus B–>bone marrow
B cells associate with which type of immunity
humoral immune system (antibody response)
T cells associate with which type of immunity
cell mediated immunity/ B cell activation
Characteristics of Monocytes
large nucleus: kidney, horse or oval shaped life span: ~3 days in blood
function of NK cells
kill certain virus-infected cells and some tumor cells without the need for B or T cell specificity
Function of monocytes
in tissues= macrophages –> Precurser cell for Mononuclear phagocytotic system, macrophages, osteoclasts, kupffer cells (liver), some dendritic cell subsets, & microglia (CNS)
Function of macrophages and osteoclasts
Involved in innate and adaptive immune responses bacterial phagocytosis wound healing bone resorption debris removal
Monocyte derived cells include:
macrophages and osteoclasts.
Characteristics of platelets
small: 2-4um disk shape life span: ~10 days
function of platelets
involved in hemostasis and coagulation –>injuries to vessel walls cause platelets to form a plug and release products that induce clot formation
what are Cytoplasmic fragments derived from megakaryocytes?
Platelets
What does a neutrophil nucleus look like?
string of beads
eosinophil appearance in blood smear
nucleus: generally 2 lobes; cytoplasm= large red granules
eosinophil appearance in blood smear
nucleus: generally 2 lobes cytoplasm= large red granules
basophil appearance in blood smear
nucleus generally cannot be seen through dense, BLUE stained granules in cytoplasm
monocyte appearance in blood smear
very LARGE cell; nucleus: kidney bean cytoplasm: pale, abundant
leukocyte appearance in blood smear
large single round nucleus; little cytoplasm
what is the relationship between leukocytes and connective tissue (CT)
leukocytes leave blood vessels and infiltrate connective tissues through intracellular junctions between endothelial cells via diapedesis (extravasation) when recruited
the compartments a neutrophil passes through during maturation
1) medullary formation 2) medullary storage 3) marginating 4) circulating compartments
phases of neutrophilopoiesis
myeloblast->promyelocyte->myelocyte->metamyelocyte->Band->Segment
the origin and role of band neutrophils
need more neutrophils to fight infection and immature (band) cells released to help increase response
function of eosinophil
PARASITES: body’s primary defense against parasites -help regulate vascular mediators released from mast cells –> prevents biochemical mediators from evoking more inflammation than is needed -mild phagocytic
When are eosinophils elevated?
Parasitic infections Allergies Cholesterol emboli Chronic myeloid leukemia Asthma Some Drug interaction
What is the mode of action of B cells vs T cells?
B–> Produce antibodies to circulate in the serum T –>Direct cell-to-cell contact or secreted soluble products (e.g.cytokines)
purpose of B cell vs T cell
B –> EXTRACELLULAR: Primary defense against extracellular pathogens; extracellular bacteria, circulating virus T–> INTRACELLULAR: Primary defense against intracellular pathogens; viruses and fungi, intracellular bacteria (also tumor antigens and graft rejection
What type of cells do B cells differentiate into?
B–> Memory B cell, plasma cell
What is lymphoid
From lymph nodal, thymic and splenic tissue; commonly refers to B and T lymphocytes and natural killer cells.
What is hematopoiesis
process of blood cell development and renewal
Where is RBC made in 1st trimester? 2nd? After birth?
1st trimester =yolk sack 2nd trimester=liver and spleen (thymus, lymph) After birth= in red bone marrow. Some lymphocytes then travel to the thymus where they mature further.
Decribe the process of hematopoiesis/ blood cell renewal:
Pluripotential cell –> myeloid mulipotential (marrow) or lymphoid multipotential (lymph) –> differentiation –> CELL!
What is the difference in bone marrow from adults and infants?
infants- all RED marrow (hematopoietic cells); Adults: yellow (adipocytes) –> yellow is dynamic and can become red marrow if needed
How does the body compensate if the marrow is compromised?
Extramedullary hematopoiesis –>if the marrow is compromised, the body compensates by making blood cells in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes:
What is myeloid
from the bone marrow; commonly refers to red blood cells ( rbc’s), granulocytes ( eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils), monocyte/ macrophages, and platelets.
Precursor cell
-first to be recognized due to their specific morphologic characteristics -can’t self- renew -derived from progenitor cells
Pluripotent stem cell
“true” stem cells that are able to make cells from all 3 basic body layers (ectoderm,mesoderm and endoderm –> can produce any cell, self-renew, create more copies of themselves
Multi potential stem cell
true stem cells but can only differentiate into a limited number of types.
As the cell matures, what happens to the characteristics of the cells?
cell size decreases nuclear size decreases chromatin condenses cytoplasm goes from basophilic (abundant RNA) to eosinophilic (abundant hemoglobin)
stages of erythropoiesis
- Common myeloid progenitor cells in the hematopoietic cords of red bone marrow (CFU-GEMM, or multipotential myeloid ‘stem’ cells) differentiate to form erythrocyte-specific colony forming units (erythroid CFU-E, or pro-erythroblast cells). 2. Basophilic erythroblast 3. Polychromatophilic erythroblast 4.Orthochromatophilic erythroblast: cell no longer undergoes mitosis. 5. Reticulocyte: cell sheds nucleus entirely and leaves marrow 6. Erythrocyte: cell loses ribosomes; RBC in circulation.
Describe how erythropoiesis is controlled
Erythropoietin –>regulates RBC production. It is made by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels, and stimulates the production of mRNA for globin, the protein component of hemoglobin
Progenitor cell
early descendants of stem cells that can differentiate to form one or more kinds of cells, but cannot divide and reproduce indefinitely.
Describe the process of platelet production
1) Megakaryoblast 2) Megakaryocyte (Multilobed nucleus, Numerous invaginations of the cytoplasm from demarcation membranes that define the area shedding platelets. Thrombopoiesis—Thrombopoietin is a regulatory factor for thrombopoiesis -Process extend into sinusoids [red bone marrow, active as main source of hematopoiesis by birth] –> platelets are shed directly into a sinusoid
Colony forming cell
used to study the proliferation and differentiation pattern of hematopoietic progenitors by their ability to form colonies in a semisolid medium.
Name the progenitor and precursor cells for platelets
pluripotential cell (CD34) –> multipotential myleoid stem cell (CFU-GEMM) –> Megakaryocyte (CFU-Meg) –> Megakaryoblast –> Megakaryocyte –> Platelets
Name the progenitor and precursor cells for RBCs
pluripotential cell (CD34) –> multipotential myleoid stem cell (CFU-GMM) –> Erythroid CFU –> eryththroblast –> erythrocyte
Where does lymphocyte production begin and end?
Begin: Bone marrow; End: Lymphoid Tissues
Who has more RBCs, males or females?
Males
immature neutrophil is called?
band
precursor cell for neutrophils, basophils or eosinophils?
myleoblasts
What is the primary defense for EXTRACELLULAR pathogens?
B cells
What is the primary defense for INTRACELLULAR pathogens?
T cells
What type of cell does T cells differentiate into?
T–> T regulatory cell, Cytotoxic T cell, Memory T Cell
Precursor cell of B and T cells
lymphoblast
Precursor cell of RBC
Erythroblast
Precursor cell of Megakaryocyte
Megakaryoblast
Precursor cell of Monocyte
monoblast
Precursor cell of the granulocytes
Neutrophilic, Eosinophilic or Basophilic myelocyte
How much of the TBW in a normal adult is blood?
7-8%
Function of blood
transport regulate pH osmolality temperature coagulation
What is the liquid extracellular component?
plasma
What is the % volume of blood that is RBCs?
hematocrit
What is the layer of WBCs and platelets?
Buffy Coat
Blood is mostly composed of?
Plasma
Plasma is mostly made up of?
water
Immature RBC is called?
Reticulocyte
When you see a RBC with no pale center?
Hereditary spherocytosis
Two ways that WBC can leave and infiltrate the tissues?
1) Diapedesis 2) Extravasation
T/F: all leukocytes have non-specific granules?
True= Azurophilic granules
First WBC to extravasate in response to infection or injury?
Neutrophil
Common lymphoid progenitor
CFU-L
Common myeloid progenitor
CFU-GEMM
Describe the effects of health, environment and growth factors on normal hematopoiesis
health: B12, Iron Environment: exposure to toxins, radiation, drugs Growth factors: circulating hormones provide feedback regulation
Function of Basophils
Release histamine and other chemicals to promote inflammation
Name the cell
Neutrophil
Name the cell
Basophil
What type of cell
Eosinophil
Name the cell
Monocyte
Name the cell
Lymphocyte
