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Pathophys Block II > Hematopoiesis I: Blood > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis I: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

hematopoiesis

A

formation of blood and its components (RBCs, WBCs, megakaryocytes/platelets)

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2
Q

hematopoietic tissues during gestation

A

yolk sac: 0-3 months of gestation liver: main hematopoietic organ from 2-7 months of gestation spleen: small amt. of hematopoiesis from 3-6 months of gestation bone marrow: starts hematopoiesis during 4th month, becomes primary source during 7th month of gestation

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3
Q

primary hematopoietic tissues in adulthood

A

vertebra, sternum, rib

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4
Q

primary hematopoietic tissues from birth till around 25 years old

A

tibia and femur

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5
Q

formed element

A

solid components of blood, includes RBCs, WBCs, platelets

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6
Q

percentages of formed blood elements

A

RBCs: 41-53% in males, 36-46% in females WBCs and platelets: about 1% (buffy coat)

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7
Q

plasma

A

liquid extracellular component of blood

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8
Q

discuss the contents of plasma (w/ percentages)

A

water: 90% protein: 7% (albumin, globulins-alpha, beta, gamma, fibrinogen, prothrombin) inorganic ions: 0.9% the rest is composed of nutrients, blood gases, hormones etc.

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9
Q

serum

A

clear, yellow supernatant after blood coags. like plasma but w/o clotting factors, platelets, cells. contains factors released from platelets (e.g. growth factors)

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10
Q

function of erythrocytes

A

transport O2 and CO2

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11
Q

lifespan of erythrocyte

A

~120 days

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12
Q

reticulocyte

A

immature RBC, still has some ribosomes, normally 1-2% of erythrocytes, stain blue

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13
Q

microcyte

A

erythrocytes that are too small, <6 micron, due to low iron

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14
Q

macrocyte

A

erythrocytes that are too large >9microns in diameter, due to low B12 and folic acid

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15
Q

morphology of erythrocytes

A

anucleate, lack many organelles, biconcave discs, ~7.5micron diameter, flexible

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16
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin bound to O2

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17
Q

carboxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin bound to CO, irreversible binding, leads to CO poisoning

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18
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

hemoglobin bound to CO2

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19
Q

sickle cells

A

mutated hemoglobin aggregates and distorts cell shape, cells are rigid fragile, short-lived

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20
Q

what are the two major classes of leukocytes

A
  1. granulocytes: PMNs (polymorphonuclear) 2. agranulocytes: mononuclear
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21
Q

what are the three types of granulocytes?

A

granulocytes are one of the two classes of leukocytes. 1. neutrophil 2. eosinophil 3. basophil

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22
Q

what are the three types of agranulocytes?

A

agranulocytes are one of the two classes of leukocytes. 1. lymphocyte (become B and T cells) 2. monocyte

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23
Q

what is the suffix that denotes whether a cell is a granulocyte? agranulocyte?

A

granulocyte: -phil (because it’s FILLED w/ granules) agranulocyte: -cyte

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24
Q

what is the concentration and percentage of leukocytes in the blood?

A

4,400-11,000 leukocytes/microleter of blood ~0.1% of blood cells

25
Q

what is the concentration and percentage of neutrophils?

A

1,800-7,700/microleter 50-70% of leukocytes

26
Q

what is the concentration and percentage of lymphocytes?

A

1,000-4,8000/microleter 18-42% of leukocytes

27
Q

function of neutrophils

A

first leukocytes to extravasate; phagocytose bacteria and other small particles

28
Q

respiratory burst

A

burst of O2 consumption by neutrophils during phagocytosis- leads to formation of toxic superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide that helps degrade bacteria in tissues

29
Q

what is the purpose of lactoferrin and which leukocyte uses lactoferrin?

A

binds iron which is a crucial element in bacterial nutrition, released from granules present in neutrophils

30
Q

what is the purpose of lysozyme?

A

cleaves bonds in cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria

31
Q

discuss the morphology of neutrophils

A

has a 2-5 lobed nucleus, linked by threads of chromatin, relatively few mitochondria (allows cell to live in poorly oxygenated tissues-i.e. inflamed, necrotic), granules are difficult to see

32
Q

discuss the life cycle of neutrophils

A

produced in the sinusoids of the bone marrow, short-lived, half-life of 6-7 hours in blood, 1-4 days in connective tissue, die by apoptosis

33
Q

granule contents of neutrophils

A

granules contain lysozyme, lactoferrin to help degrade bacteria via phagocytosis

34
Q

granule contents of eosinophils

A

5’nucleotidase, elastase, collagenase, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, cationic antibacterial proteins, phospholipase, RNase, eosinophilic peroxidase

35
Q

discuss the location of neutrophils in the body

A

circulate in the blood, extravasate when prompted by infection/inflammation

36
Q

function of collagenase

A

degrades extracellular matrix, neutrophil and eosinophil granules release this in order to move freely through tissues

37
Q

band neutrophils (percentage, origin)

A

2-5% of neutrophils are immature (band neutrophils), infections and leukemia may increase number of band neutrophils; originate in the bone marrow, then released in blood stream

38
Q

structure of eosinophils

A

usually bilobed nucleus, granules stain blue, do not overlie nucleus

39
Q

function of eosinophils

A

kill parasites and tone down immune response, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes

40
Q

granule contents of eosinophils

A

histaminase (anti-histamine), collagenase, cathepsin (proteinase), arylsulfatase

41
Q

where are eosinophils found in the body?

A

connective tissue underlying epithelia of bronchi, GI, uterus, vagina (they are found in normal tissues)

42
Q

what might cause an increase in eosinophils in the blood (eosinophilia) indicate?

A

allergic rxn, parasitic (helminthic) infections

43
Q

what compounds (found in eosinophil granules) inactivate leukotrienes and histamine?

A

arylsulfatase and histaminase

44
Q

structure of basophils

A

irregular, lobed nucleus, large granules that overlie nucleus, nucleus stains pink

45
Q

function of basophils

A

nonphagocytic granulocytes; functionally similar to mast cells, promote allergic rxns, bind IgE antibodies for allergen specificity

46
Q

granule contents of basophils

A

eosinophilic chemotactic factor, heparine, histamine, peroxidase, leukotrienes

47
Q

what type of leukocyte has a horseshoe shaped nucleus when not fully developed?

A

neutrophil

48
Q

structure of monocytes

A

large, oval, horseshoe, kidney shaped nucleus, less condensed chromatin, cytoplasm stains blue

49
Q

function of monocytes

A

monocyte-derived cells (e.g. macrophages) involved in innate and adaptive immune response, bacterial phagocytosis, wound healing, bone resorption, debris removal

50
Q

MPS

A

mononuclear phagocytic system, monocytes are precursor cells to this system (e.g. turn into macrophages, big part of MPS)

51
Q

lifespan of monocytes

A

in blood ~3 days

52
Q

lifespan of platelets

A

~10 days

53
Q

what are the three types (an percentages) of lymphocytes

A

T lymphocytes (60-80%) B lymphocytes (20-30%) natural killer cells (>10%)

54
Q

what is the role of T lymphocytes?

A

involved in cell mediate immunity, activate B cells, macrophages, cytotoxic T cells

55
Q

what is the role of B lymphocytes?

A

involved in humoral immunity, precursors to Ab-producing plasma cells

56
Q

what is the role of NK cells?

A

kill certain virus-infected cells and some tumor cells

59
Q

percentage of eosinophils

A

1-3% of leukocytes

60
Q

percentage of monocytes

A

2-8% of leukocytes

Pathophys Block II (8 decks)

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