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BMS Exam 6 > Hematopoiesis and Blood Type > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis and Blood Type Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a fluid ______composed of Plasma and Formed Elements

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

On average…
○ Women have about 4-5 liters of blood
○ Men have about 5-6 liters of blood
○ Approximately______ is made up of Plasma
○ Blood makes up about 8% of a person’s body weight

A

3 liters

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3
Q

On average…
○ Women have about 4-5 liters of blood
○ Men have about 5-6 liters of blood
○ Approximately3 liters is made up of Plasma
○ Blood makes up about ____ of a person’s body weight

A

8%

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4
Q

Hematocrit is the percentage of the blood made up of ____

A

RBCs

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5
Q

Main function of the erythrocytes

A

Transport O2 and CO2

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6
Q

Hematopoiesis is the process by which the body ______

A

creates or forms the blood and its components

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7
Q

Hematopoiesis primarily occurs where?

A

red bone marrow

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8
Q

_____ manage the majority of where blood production occurs in adulthood

A

Vertebrae, pelvis, and sternum

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9
Q

During the fetal period, the ____ and the ____ play a large role in blood production as the bone marrow is still being developed in utero

A

liver; spleen

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10
Q

_____ contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets

A

Red marrow

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11
Q

_____ contains blood stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells

A

Yellow marrow

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12
Q

All blood cells are derived from a single type of marrow cell called _____

A

Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cells (PHSCs)

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13
Q

Certain proteins called _____ stimulate production of the different cell lines

A

Growth Inducers

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14
Q

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are all produced through the ____ and ____ stem cell lines

A

Myeloid; Lymphoid

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15
Q

RBCs are flexible ____ discs

A

biconcave

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16
Q

RBCs have two main functions:

A

Transportation of Hemoglobin
■ Oxygen delivery to the tissues

Carbonic Anhydrase Reaction
■ CO2 + H2O <–> H2CO3
■ Allows for buffering of pH by balancing
back and forth between CO2 and HCO3

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17
Q

Proerythroblasts and Reticulocytes

A

○ Proerythroblasts are committed stem cells and the starting point for RBC production
○ Reticulocytes are immature RBCs that are released into circulation after the nucleus has been ejected

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18
Q

____ are committed stem cells and the starting point for RBC production

A

Proerythroblasts

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19
Q

Reticulocytes pass from the bone marrow into the blood capillaries through a process called ___, where the cell squeeze through the pores of the capillary membrane

A

diapedesis

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20
Q

T/F Reticulocyte circulation is short-lived

A

T

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21
Q

T/F The total mass or number of RBCs in circulation is tightly regulated within narrow limits

A

T

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22
Q

Oxygenation of the tissue is the most important regulator of ____

A

erythrocyte production

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23
Q

Hypoxia stimulates release of a growth-inducing
glycoprotein, _____

A

Erythropoietin (Epo)

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24
Q

90% of Erythropoietin is formed in the ____
(rest is formed in liver)

A

kidneys

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25
Q

Loss of kidneys (disease or injury) results in
significant ____

A

anemia

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26
Q

When large quantities of Epo are formed, and if all nutrients are available, RBC production can increase to ____ of the normal rate

A

10 times

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27
Q

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) and Folic Acid (B9) are obtained from the diet and are required for ____

A

the maturation of erythrocytes

28
Q

Lack of Vit B12 or Folate causes ____, resulting in failure of nuclear maturation and cell division

A

abnormal and diminished DNA

29
Q

The deficiency causes the erythroblastic cells of the bone marrow to produce mainly larger-than-normal and abnormally shaped RBCs called ____

A

macrocytes

30
Q

Macrocytes are capable of carrying oxygen in
the blood, but their fragility causes them to have a shorter life, resulting in a _____

A

Macrocytic Anemia

31
Q

Each polypeptide chain in hemoglobin has an ____ Heme group

A

iron-containing

32
Q

The body contains ___ grams of Iron and 65% of it is found within the Hemoglobin proteins

A

4-5

33
Q

_____ is a glycoprotein that binds with iron and transports it in the blood plasma (controls levels of free iron)

A

Transferrin

34
Q

____ is a protein that binds iron, except it resides in cellular cytoplasm and stores iron intracellularly (storage iron)

A

Ferritin

35
Q

_____ is an extremely insoluble form of iron storage protein that builds up in situations of excess iron

A

Hemosiderin

36
Q

______ have cytoplasmic enzymes capable of metabolizing glucose and forming ATP

A

RBCs

37
Q

old and fragile RBCs eventually rupture during passage through a tight spot in circulation, often in the _____

A

spleen

38
Q

In the spleen, Ruptured RBCs and Hgb are
almost immediately _____, especially in the liver, spleen, and marrow

A

phagocytized by macrophages,

39
Q

When RBCs are delivered from the marrow into circulation, they normally circulate for an average of ____

A

120 days

40
Q

____ stimulates release of a growth-inducing glycoprotein, Erythropoietin (Epo)

A

Hypoxia

41
Q

______ results in significant anemia.

A

Loss of kidneys (disease or injury)

42
Q

Regulation of Eryhtropoiesis

A

■ Adequate number of RBCs are always available to provide sufficient transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues
■ Without becoming so numerous that they impede the flow

43
Q

_____ is the most important regulator of erythrocyte production

A

Oxygenation of the tissue

44
Q

In the US, it is most often caused by a chronic, slow bleed until proven otherwise (so GI bleeds, excessive menstrual bleeding, etc.)

A

Iron Deficiency anemia

45
Q

WBCs are produced either through the ____ Stem Cell line or the ____ Stem Cell line

A

Common Myeloid; Common Lymphoid

46
Q

____ are specialized mobile cells in the blood required for life as they are responsible for defending the body against invading pathogens

A

Leukocytes

47
Q

WBCs defend the body and help prevent disease by providing immunity in two main ways:

A

Innate Immunity
Acquired (Adaptive) immunity

48
Q

Innate Immunity involves instinctively destroying invading bacteria, viruses, toxins, and debris by
____

A

chemotaxis and phagocytosis*

49
Q

Along with coagulation factors that are produced by the liver, _____ are responsible for hemostasis, or the process of stopping an active bleed

A

Thrombocytes (platelets)

50
Q

Platelets are actually not cells but are considered _____

A

cell fragments

51
Q

T/F Platelets do not have a nucleus

A

T

52
Q

Part of the Myeloid Progenitor line, ____ reside in the bone marrow and shed platelets as cell fragments

A

Megakaryocytes

53
Q

When the platelet count falls below normal
levels, this is sensed by special receptors in the
_____

A

liver and kidney

54
Q

Thrombopoietin stimulates differentiation of
more _____ in the bone marrow, thereby increasing the production of platelets in the marrow

A

megakaryocytes

55
Q

Platelets are replaced about once every

A

7-10 days

56
Q

In a microliter of whole blood, there are approximately ______

A

100,000-500,000 platelets

57
Q

Old platelets are phagocytized and recycled by macrophages in the _____

A

Spleen or Liver

58
Q

______ are carbohydrates on the surface of the RBCs and can cause agglutination (clumping) of RBCs during transfusions

A

Antigens/Agglutinogens

59
Q

Two blood types are well understood

A

○ A, B, and O Blood Types
○ Rh Blood Types

60
Q

There are ____ different types of Rh antigens (called Rh Factors)

A

six

61
Q

Rh blood types have ____ on the surface instead of _____

A

proteins; carbohydrates

62
Q

Of the Rh antigens, the _____ is widely prevalent and considerably more antigenic than the other Rh Antigens

A

D Antigen
“Rh –” if the D antigen is absent

“Rh +” if the D antigen is present

63
Q

What is Isoimmunization?

A

Transfusion reactions can occur after an Rh- individual is exposed to Rh+ blood because antibodies against the D antigen form

64
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis is _____

A

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

65
Q

Prevention for Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A

RhoGAM - Rh(D) Immunoglobulin Globin
(Anti-D Antibody)

BMS Exam 6 (6 decks)

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