Hematopoiesis and Blood Type Flashcards
Blood is a fluid ______composed of Plasma and Formed Elements
connective tissue
On average…
○ Women have about 4-5 liters of blood
○ Men have about 5-6 liters of blood
○ Approximately______ is made up of Plasma
○ Blood makes up about 8% of a person’s body weight
3 liters
On average…
○ Women have about 4-5 liters of blood
○ Men have about 5-6 liters of blood
○ Approximately3 liters is made up of Plasma
○ Blood makes up about ____ of a person’s body weight
8%
Hematocrit is the percentage of the blood made up of ____
RBCs
Main function of the erythrocytes
Transport O2 and CO2
Hematopoiesis is the process by which the body ______
creates or forms the blood and its components
Hematopoiesis primarily occurs where?
red bone marrow
_____ manage the majority of where blood production occurs in adulthood
Vertebrae, pelvis, and sternum
During the fetal period, the ____ and the ____ play a large role in blood production as the bone marrow is still being developed in utero
liver; spleen
_____ contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets
Red marrow
_____ contains blood stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells
Yellow marrow
All blood cells are derived from a single type of marrow cell called _____
Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cells (PHSCs)
Certain proteins called _____ stimulate production of the different cell lines
Growth Inducers
RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are all produced through the ____ and ____ stem cell lines
Myeloid; Lymphoid
RBCs are flexible ____ discs
biconcave
RBCs have two main functions:
Transportation of Hemoglobin
■ Oxygen delivery to the tissues
Carbonic Anhydrase Reaction
■ CO2 + H2O <–> H2CO3
■ Allows for buffering of pH by balancing
back and forth between CO2 and HCO3
Proerythroblasts and Reticulocytes
○ Proerythroblasts are committed stem cells and the starting point for RBC production
○ Reticulocytes are immature RBCs that are released into circulation after the nucleus has been ejected
____ are committed stem cells and the starting point for RBC production
Proerythroblasts
Reticulocytes pass from the bone marrow into the blood capillaries through a process called ___, where the cell squeeze through the pores of the capillary membrane
diapedesis
T/F Reticulocyte circulation is short-lived
T
T/F The total mass or number of RBCs in circulation is tightly regulated within narrow limits
T
Oxygenation of the tissue is the most important regulator of ____
erythrocyte production
Hypoxia stimulates release of a growth-inducing
glycoprotein, _____
Erythropoietin (Epo)
90% of Erythropoietin is formed in the ____
(rest is formed in liver)
kidneys
Loss of kidneys (disease or injury) results in
significant ____
anemia
When large quantities of Epo are formed, and if all nutrients are available, RBC production can increase to ____ of the normal rate
10 times
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) and Folic Acid (B9) are obtained from the diet and are required for ____
the maturation of erythrocytes
Lack of Vit B12 or Folate causes ____, resulting in failure of nuclear maturation and cell division
abnormal and diminished DNA
The deficiency causes the erythroblastic cells of the bone marrow to produce mainly larger-than-normal and abnormally shaped RBCs called ____
macrocytes
Macrocytes are capable of carrying oxygen in
the blood, but their fragility causes them to have a shorter life, resulting in a _____
Macrocytic Anemia
Each polypeptide chain in hemoglobin has an ____ Heme group
iron-containing
The body contains ___ grams of Iron and 65% of it is found within the Hemoglobin proteins
4-5
_____ is a glycoprotein that binds with iron and transports it in the blood plasma (controls levels of free iron)
Transferrin
____ is a protein that binds iron, except it resides in cellular cytoplasm and stores iron intracellularly (storage iron)
Ferritin
_____ is an extremely insoluble form of iron storage protein that builds up in situations of excess iron
Hemosiderin
______ have cytoplasmic enzymes capable of metabolizing glucose and forming ATP
RBCs
old and fragile RBCs eventually rupture during passage through a tight spot in circulation, often in the _____
spleen
In the spleen, Ruptured RBCs and Hgb are
almost immediately _____, especially in the liver, spleen, and marrow
phagocytized by macrophages,
When RBCs are delivered from the marrow into circulation, they normally circulate for an average of ____
120 days
____ stimulates release of a growth-inducing glycoprotein, Erythropoietin (Epo)
Hypoxia
______ results in significant anemia.
Loss of kidneys (disease or injury)
Regulation of Eryhtropoiesis
■ Adequate number of RBCs are always available to provide sufficient transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues
■ Without becoming so numerous that they impede the flow
_____ is the most important regulator of erythrocyte production
Oxygenation of the tissue
In the US, it is most often caused by a chronic, slow bleed until proven otherwise (so GI bleeds, excessive menstrual bleeding, etc.)
Iron Deficiency anemia
WBCs are produced either through the ____ Stem Cell line or the ____ Stem Cell line
Common Myeloid; Common Lymphoid
____ are specialized mobile cells in the blood required for life as they are responsible for defending the body against invading pathogens
Leukocytes
WBCs defend the body and help prevent disease by providing immunity in two main ways:
Innate Immunity
Acquired (Adaptive) immunity
Innate Immunity involves instinctively destroying invading bacteria, viruses, toxins, and debris by
____
chemotaxis and phagocytosis*
Along with coagulation factors that are produced by the liver, _____ are responsible for hemostasis, or the process of stopping an active bleed
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Platelets are actually not cells but are considered _____
cell fragments
T/F Platelets do not have a nucleus
T
Part of the Myeloid Progenitor line, ____ reside in the bone marrow and shed platelets as cell fragments
Megakaryocytes
When the platelet count falls below normal
levels, this is sensed by special receptors in the
_____
liver and kidney
Thrombopoietin stimulates differentiation of
more _____ in the bone marrow, thereby increasing the production of platelets in the marrow
megakaryocytes
Platelets are replaced about once every
7-10 days
In a microliter of whole blood, there are approximately ______
100,000-500,000 platelets
Old platelets are phagocytized and recycled by macrophages in the _____
Spleen or Liver
______ are carbohydrates on the surface of the RBCs and can cause agglutination (clumping) of RBCs during transfusions
Antigens/Agglutinogens
Two blood types are well understood
○ A, B, and O Blood Types
○ Rh Blood Types
There are ____ different types of Rh antigens (called Rh Factors)
six
Rh blood types have ____ on the surface instead of _____
proteins; carbohydrates
Of the Rh antigens, the _____ is widely prevalent and considerably more antigenic than the other Rh Antigens
D Antigen
“Rh –” if the D antigen is absent
“Rh +” if the D antigen is present
What is Isoimmunization?
Transfusion reactions can occur after an Rh- individual is exposed to Rh+ blood because antibodies against the D antigen form
Erythroblastosis Fetalis is _____
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
Prevention for Erythroblastosis Fetalis
RhoGAM - Rh(D) Immunoglobulin Globin
(Anti-D Antibody)
