Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMS Exam 6 > Fundamentals of Nutrition > Flashcards

Fundamentals of Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Many noncommunicable disease processes are directly associated with _____.

A

poor nutritional intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A _____ is any substance providing nourishment essential for growth & life

A

nutrient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In human metabolism, there are 7 basic types of nutrients that we categorize into three main categories

A

Macronutrients - Substances we require in large amounts in the diet
■ Carbohydrates ■ Fats ■ Protein
Micronutrients - Substances we require in small amounts in the diet
■ Vitamins ■ Minerals
Other Substances vitally important for digestion and nutrition
■ Water ■ Fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A Carbohydrate, or ____, is a molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in various forms of Cx(H2O)y

A

saccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

All carbohydrates are composed of _____ molecules

A

Fructose, Glucose, and/or Galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Monosaccharide found primarily in fruits and honey

A

Fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Disaccharide containing fructose and glucose, found in fruits, vegetables, and table sugar

A

Sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Disaccharide containing glucose and galactose, in dairy products

A

Lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Large polysaccharides chains of glucose, present in almost all non-animal foods (potatoes, corn, grains, rice, etc.)

A

Starches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4 major forms of dietary carbohydrates:

A

Fructose
Sucrose
Lactose
Starches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Because of their chemical structures, ____ are not very useful to human cells in their original state

A

fructose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Process for breaking down sucrose

A

The enzyme Sucrase, in the intestinal brush border membrane, is able to separate it into the two monosaccharides, which are then absorbed into portal blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Process for breaking down Lactose

A

The enzyme Lactase, in the intestinal brush border membrane, is able to separate it into the two monosaccharides, which are then absorbed into portal blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If levels of ____ get low enough, the intestines are unable to break lactose into monosaccharides.

A

Lactase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If large amounts reach the large intestine, lactose is fermented by bacteria, producing ____

A

hydrogen gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Starch breakdown

A
  • The enzyme amylase is contained in saliva and released by the pancreas into the duodenum.
  • It is able to hydrolyse starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides that can then be turned into glucose, which is then absorbed.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A single glucose molecule is metabolized into a total of ____ molecules of ATP. This is through Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

A

38

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Glycolysis is the first step in this process of breaking down glucose, splitting glucose into ____.

A

two molecules of pyruvic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acetyl Coenzyme A is then degraded through a series of chemical reactions called the____ (also known as the Krebs Cycle)

A

Citric Acid Cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If the cells become saturated with glycogen, liver and fat cells convert ____ into fat to be stored in fat cells.

A

excess glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In glycogenolysis, Glucose molecules are broken off through phosphorylation, using an enzyme called ____

A

Phosphorylase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Phosphorylase must first be activated by either _____ or _____ .

A

Epinephrine; Glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fibers are found in plants, forming the leaves, stems, and seeds. Technically, they are a form of ____

A

carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Two types of fiber

A
  • Water-soluble (pectin, gum): slow the passage of foods. Found in oats, peas, beans, apples, citrus fruits, carrots, barley, and psyllium
  • Insoluble (cellulose, hemicellulose): increase bulk and speed up food passage through the GI tract. Found in whole-wheat flour, wheat bran, nuts, beans, cauliflower, green beans, and potatoes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dietary fats are made up of triglycerides, which are lipid structures made of____.

A

3 fatty acids and a glycerol head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Types of dietary fats

A
  • Saturated: Bacon, milk products, coconut, shortening, most meats
  • Trans: Commercial baking goods, fried foods, margarine, shortening
  • Monounsaturated: avocados, nuts, olives, peanut butter, seeds
  • Polyunsaturated (Omega-3 and 6): seeds, nuts, fish, flaxseed
27
Q

Globules of triglycerides and cholesterol are packaged up with phospholipids and proteins by the Golgi Apparatus to form _____

A

Chylomicrons

28
Q

As Chylomicrons move through capillaries, ____ hydrolyzes triglycerides in the Chylomicron, sloughing off free fatty acids and glycerol.

A

Lipoprotein Lipase

29
Q

Once hydrolyzed, free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerols and are readily absorbed into the capillary epithelium and nearby cells, where they reassemble as ____ and can be utilized by the body

A

triglycerides

30
Q

____ is not a fat, but is a sterol (amphipathic lipid) widely distributed in animal tissue.

A

Cholesterol

31
Q

TF Cholesterol is fat soluble

A

T

32
Q

Cholesterol obtained from the diet is absorbed into _____ along with triglycerides via Chylomicrons

A

the lacteals of the intestinal microvilli

33
Q

Excretion of cholesterol occurs ____

A

through the feces via bile

34
Q

The liver also produces _____, which are a lipoprotein structure similar to Chylomicrons, but highly packed with triglycerides and cholesterol.

A

Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)

35
Q

The more triglycerides a lipoprotein has, the ____ dense it is.

A

less

36
Q

The liver facilitates clearance of ____ from the plasma.

A

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

37
Q

As VLDLs circulate, ____ are deposited in tissues (the same way it occurs with Chylomicrons).

A

triglycerides

38
Q

______ are primarily responsible for the delivery of cholesterol to the tissues for cellular function.

A

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs)

39
Q

Because of its association with increased atherosclerotic fatty deposits, ____ is often referred to as the “bad cholesterol.”

A

LDL cholesterol

40
Q

____ is capable of removing LDLs from circulation when found in excess with LDL receptor stimulation.

A

The liver

41
Q

____ are the smallest and most dense lipoprotein

A

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDLs)

42
Q

HDL can participate in _____, meaning they may be able to remove cholesterol from tissues (including arterial walls).

A

reverse cholesterol transport

43
Q

There is a statistical decrease risk of heart disease and stroke when patients have higher levels of ____

A

HDL

44
Q

ATP production is ____ efficient with fatty acids than the carbs.

A

more

45
Q

Proteins from meat and other animal products are complete proteins, meaning they supply all of the_____.

A

essential amino acids

46
Q

AAs must be transported across cell membranes (both in and out) via ____ or ____

A

facilitated transport or active transport using carrier mechanisms

47
Q

After AAs enter into tissue cells, they combine with one another by ____, directed by the ribosomal system to form cellular proteins.

A

peptide linkages,

48
Q

Two forms of protein storage

A
  • Any “storage” that occurs with AAs is basically in the form of actual cellular proteins, such as enzymes, organelles, receptors, etc.
  • Large scale storage does not occur, although muscle tissue is a form of “protein storage.”
49
Q

Some intracellular proteins can be rapidly decomposed into AAs under the influence of ____

A

lysosomal enzymes.

50
Q

_____ are degraded and used for energy, stored as fat, or occasionally stored as glycogen

A

Surplus AAs

51
Q

Amino acids can be converted into _____.

A

Acetyl-CoA

52
Q

The process of degrading AAs occurs almost entirely in the liver and begins with _____, which is the _____.

A

Deamination; removal of the amino groups from AAs

53
Q

Ammonia is converted into _____, which is water soluble, and can then be excreted by the kidneys.

A

urea,

54
Q

Deaminated AAs are known as _____

A

Keto Acids

55
Q

the body can use AAs for energy via conversion of the keto acid into a substrate of the _____

A

Citric Acid Cycle

56
Q

_____ is a hormone produced by the fat cells in your body. Its main role is to regulate fat storage and how many calories you eat and burn. It decreases food cravings and increases satiety. It is more related to long term regulation of food intake

A

Leptin

57
Q

_____ is produced and released mainly by the stomach. It is a hormone that sends a signal to your brain to feel hungry.

A

Ghrelin

58
Q

_____ are non-caloric, essential organic nutrients needed in smaller amounts in the diet.

A

Vitamins

59
Q

_____ vitamins are absorbed into the lymph and can be stored in the liver and fatty tissues. Because of this, they can build up to toxic concentrations over time. Periodic doses of these can be sufficient.

A

Fat soluble

60
Q

_____ vitamins are absorbed directly into the bloodstream and most are not stored in high quantities. Excess is secreted in the urine. For that reason, frequent intake is more essential and toxicity is less common.

A

Water soluble

61
Q

Fat vs. water soluble vitamins:

A

Fat soluble: Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Water soluble: Vitamin C and the B Vitamins - Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Folate (B9), Biotin, Cobalamin (B12), and pyridoxine(B6)

62
Q

inorganic nutrients that are needed in small amounts to keep the body healthy.

A

Minerals

63
Q

Major Minerals and Trace Minerals

A
  • Major Minerals, in order of quantity in the body, includes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chloride, and Magnesium.
  • Minor Minerals, in order of quantity in the body, includes: Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Iodine, and Selenium

BMS Exam 6 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions