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Hemotology > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the receptor responsible for binding growth factors to promote differentiate in hematopoiesis?

A

Jak-Stat Pathway

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2
Q

What is the growth factors the is responsible for promotion of RBCs and where is it located?

A

Erythropoietin, Kidney makes 85%+

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3
Q

What is the role of HIF in production of erythropoietin?

A

HIF-1a in the presence of oxygen is hydroxylated and bound by other co-factors leading to ubiquitation-degradation.
However, when there is hypoxia less hydroxylation occurs and HIF-1a is free to bind in the nucleus as a transcription factor for increased erythropoietin.
(Hypoxia-inducible Factor)

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4
Q

What are therapeutic drugs and when are they used to increase RBC production?

A

Epoetin Alfa / Darbopoietin

- Chronic Kidney Disease, Post-Chemo, Myelodysplastic Syndrome, etc.

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5
Q

What is the growth factor used to promote the production of megakaryocytes?

A

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

– Constantly produced within the liver–

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6
Q

How are the levels of platelets regulated with TPO?

A

Circulating TPO binds to BOTH platelets and megakaryocytes, so if there are few platelets MORE binding to Megakaryoctes, if many platelets, then Less binding to Megakaryocytes reducing proliferation.

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7
Q

What growth factor is used to increase myelocytes?

A

G-CSF Growth, colony stimulating factor

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8
Q

What produces G-CSF?

A

Monocytes/Macro, Fibroblasts, and Endothelial cells in order to produce more neutraphils.

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9
Q

What is the therapeutic agent used to increase neutrophils?

A

Filgrastim.

When needed to prevent infection in compromised patients in chemo, HIV, etc.

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10
Q

What are the cellular markers for a Hematopoetic stem cell?

A

+c-KIT (CD117)
+CD34
—No lineage specific markers–

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11
Q

What cells do not have CD45?

A

Erythrocytes and Megakaryocytes

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12
Q

What is the marker on most differentiated cells?

A

CD45

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13
Q

What are the categorical factors used to be able to tell morphology of cell lineages?

A
  • Cell Size
  • Nuclei Shape
  • Color of Cytoplasm (Blue, RNA / Red, protein)
  • Granules or not
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14
Q

What is a unique characteristic of eosinophils?

A

Bilobed Nuclei with red-ish granules

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15
Q

What are unique characteristics of lymphocytes?

A

Smaller in size compared to granulocytes, dark appearing nuclei with a thin layer of cytoplasm.

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16
Q

What are histologic characteristics of proerythroblasts?

A

Large Size
Blue Cytoplasm
Prominent Nucleolus

17
Q

What phase of erythrocyte differentiation is smaller than proerythroblast, condensed nucleus that is smaller?

A

Polychromatophilic Erythroblast – nucleus is more loose

Orthochromatophilic Erythroblast – nucleus is smaller and more dense about to eject

18
Q

How can you tell the difference between reticulocytes and matured RBCs?

A

There will be several small blue areas of residual nucleus inside the cell. These will be released into blood and mature completely in 24-48 hours.

19
Q

How is a myeloblast in histology different than any other of the stages?

A

There is a prominent nucleolus and not granules.

20
Q

How are promyelocyte and myeloblast different?

A

Heavily granulated. Still remains to have a prominent nucleolus.

21
Q

How can you tell the different between promyelocyte and myelocyte?

A

Less prominent Nucleolus (or not present)

Cytoplasm is less blue, but still has numerous granules.

22
Q

What is a distinguishing characteristic of metamyelocyte?

A

Slightly smaller than less differentiated and has a “kidney shaped” nucleus.

23
Q

How are metamyelocytes and band cells different?

A

Band cells have MORE bend, greater than 50% of the thickeness of the nucleus. Horseshoe.

24
Q

What do matured neutrophils look like?

A

Multiple lobed usually 3-5 seperated by a thin filament.

25
Q

How are monocytes unique?

A

Better identified in the blood and usually have large amounts of cytoplasm and larger than other cells.

26
Q

What is a hematogone?

A

B-cell progenitor

27
Q

In flow cytometry, what does the forward scatter measure?

A

Reflects the size of the cell

28
Q

What is side scatter indicate about a cell?

A

Reflects the complexity of cytoplasm, meaning higher reading if there are granules.

29
Q

What surface markers are on all granuloctes?

A

CD45 and CD15

30
Q

What markers indicate T-cells?

A

CD45 and CD3 (CD4/CD8)

31
Q

What markers would B-cells be found to have?

A

CD45, CD19, CD20

32
Q

What surface maker would be present to indicate immature cells?

A

CD34

33
Q

What markers are present on granulocytes?

A

CD45, CD15, CD13

Hemotology (9 decks)

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