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Hematology > HEMATOPOIESIS > Flashcards

HEMATOPOIESIS Flashcards

1
Q

what is red marrow composed of

A

hematopoietic cells and macrophages

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2
Q

how are hematopoietic cells and macrophages arranged?

A

extravascular cords

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3
Q

how do erythroblasts develop in the red marrow?

A

they develop in small clusters, and the more mature forms are located adjacent to the outer surfaces of the vascular sinuses

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4
Q

where are megakaryotes located in the red marrow

A

adjacent to the walls of the vascular sinuses, which facilitates the release of platelets into the lumen of the sinus

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5
Q

the layer under adventitial cells

A

basement membrane

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6
Q

why do adventitial cells contract?

A

this allows mature blood cells to pass through the basement membrane and interact with the endothelial layer

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7
Q

function of megakaryoctes in the red marrow

A

they facilitate the release of platelets into the limen of the sinus

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8
Q

what supplies nutrition and oxygenation of the marrow

A

nutrient and periosteal arteries

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9
Q

this artery only supplies blood to the marrow

A

nutrient artery

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10
Q

this artery provides nutrients for the osseous bone and the marrow

A

periosteal artery

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11
Q

which vein does blood exit the marrow

A

central longitudinal vein

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12
Q

nurtures and protexts HSCs and is important in regulating a balance among their quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation

A

hematopoietic inductive microenvironment, or niche

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13
Q

true or false

as the site of hematopoiesis transitions, so must the microenvironmental niche for HSCs

A

true

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14
Q

_______ form an extracellular matrix in the niche to promote cell adhesion and regulate HSCs through complex signaling networks involving cytokines, adhesion molecules, and maintenance proteins.

a. reticular adventitial cells
b. stromal cells
c. endothelial cells
d. adipocytes

A

b

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15
Q

what are the key stromal cells that support HSCs in bone marrow niches

A

osteoblasts, endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, CXCL 12-abundant reticular cells, perivascular stromal cells, glial cells, and macrophages

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16
Q

intimate interaction with this factor maintains the quiescent state of HSCs

A

thrombopoietin-producing osteoblasts

17
Q

true or false

intimate interaction with this factor maintains the quiescent state of HSCs

opposing srudies suggest that vascular cells are critical to HSC maintenance through CXCL12, which regulates migration of HSCs to the vascular niche

A

true

18
Q

overlapping niches produces which of the following:

a. inhibition of functionality
b. provides multiple signals simultaneously
c. delineation between transcription factors and regulators
d. HSCs become predominantly quiescent

A

b

19
Q

is the major site of hematopoiesis during the second trimester of fetal development

A

liver

20
Q

what are the functions of hepatocytes?

A 
protein synthesis and degradation
coagulation factor synthesis
carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
drug and toxin clearance
iron recycling and storage
hemoglobin degradation
21
Q

how are hepatocytes arranged?

A

anatomically, they are arranfes in radiating plates emanating from a central vein

22
Q

what are kupffer cells

A

they are macrophages of the liver that remove senescent cells and foreign debris from the blood that circulates through the liver. they also secrete mediators that regulate protein synthesis in the hepatocytes.

23
Q

what are senescent cells?

A

The process of growing old. In biology, senescence is a process by which a cell ages and permanently stops dividing but does not die. Over time, large numbers of old (or senescent) cells can build up in tissues throughout the body. These cells remain active and can release harmful substances that may cause inflammation and damage to nearby healthy cells. Senescence may play a role in the development of cancer and other diseases.

24
Q

this is known as the liver’s response to infectious agents or in pathologic myelofibrosis of the bone marrow characterized by the maintenance of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to produce various blood cells

A

extramedullary hemetopoiesis

25
Q

the largest lymphoid organ in the body

A

spleen

26
Q

where is the spleen located?

A

below the diaphragm behind the fundus of the stomach in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen

27
Q

how much blood does the spleen contain in healthy individuals?

A

350 mL

28
Q

what are the three types of splenic tissue?

A

white pulp, red pulp, and marginal zone

29
Q

this splenic tissue consists of scattered follicles with germinal centers containing lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells

A

white pulp

30
Q

what is PALS?

A

or periaortal lymphatic sheath, is the region made from the aggregates of T lymphocytes surrounding arteries that pass through the white pulp

31
Q

what can be located in the periaortal lymphatic sheath?

A

lymphoid nodules containing B lymphocytes

32
Q

where are activated B lymphocytes found?

A

germinal centers

33
Q

what is the marginal zone

A

this surrounds the white pulp and forms a reticular meshwork containing blood vessels, macrophages, memory B cells, and CD4+ cells

34
Q

what is the red pulp?

A

it is composed primarily of vascular sinuses separated bu cords of reticular cell meshwork (cords of bilbroth) containing loosely connected specialized macrophages

35
Q

serves as the storage site for platelets

A

spleen

36
Q

there are two methods in which the spleen removes senescent or abnormal RBCs. what are these?

A

culling, and pitting

37
Q

what is culling?

A

the spleen phagocytoses cells with subsequent degradation of cell organelles

38
Q

what is pitting?

A

splenic macrophages remove inclusions or damaged surface membrane from the circulating RBCs

39
Q

through which artery does blood enter the spleen?

A

central splenic artery located at the hilum and branches outward through the trabeculae

Hematology (4 decks)

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