Hematology Test 1 Flashcards
What is hematology?
Study of blood and tissues that form, store, or circulate blood cells
Blood functions?
Carries oxygen, nutrients, waste. Bathes all other cells in body
Blood plays a roll in?
Water and electrolyte balance, temperature control, immune system function
How much blood does an animal have?
5-10% in relation to body weight
How much blood can one safely remove from an animal?
20% of total blood volume
Most common cell in blood?
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Heaviest blood cell?
Erythrocytes
Most common cell in blood?
Erythrocytes (1/4 - 1/2 of total blood volume)
Second most common cell in blood?
Thrombocytes (platelets)
Most common leukocyte?
Neutrophils
Plasma proteins (3)
Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
Process in which blood is produced?
Process called hematopoiesis
Where do blood cells arise from?
A common stem cell, or pluripotent cell, located in bone marrow
In the first half of fetal development, what are the major sites of blood cell production?
The liver and spleen
In the second half of fetal development, what are the major sites of blood cell production?
The bone marrow and lymphoid organs
Throughout adult life, what are the major sites of blood cell production?
From stem cells in the bone marrow
In times of great demand, where can blood cells be produced?
The spleen, liver, and lymph nodes
Problems with blood collection (6)
- Altered blood values due to partial draw or incomplete mixing with anticoagulant
- Hemolysis (ruptured RBCs)
- Deterioration of sample
- Water present in syringe or needle
- Slow collection or delayed transfer to anticoagulant
- Overheating or freezing samples
What is serum?
The liquid that remains after the clotting of blood. Is absent of fibrinogen, a clotting factor in plasma
Ways an anticoagulant prevents blood from clotting?
- Inhibiting some of the enzymes involved in the clotting process
- Eliminating calcium, which is need for clotting
Common anticoagulants?
- Heparin
- Oxalates, citrate, and fluoride
- EDTA
What is heparin?
An anticoagulant that inhibits thrombin. Cons: Can cause clumping of platelets, interferes with WBC stain ability, is expensive
What are oxalates, citrate, and fluoride?
Anticoagulants that precipitate calcium from the blood. Oxalates shrink RBCs
What is EDTA?
Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid, an anticoagulant that binds calcium. Preserves cell walls but can cause hemolysis in birds and reptiles. Is the most common
Red vacutainer?
No anticoagulant, final product is serum
Tiger pattern vacutainer?
No anticoagulant, final product is serum. Has a silicone plug
Yellow vacutainer?
NaCl anticoagulant, final product is serum
Lavender vacutainer?
EDTA anticoagulant, final product is whole blood/plasma
Green vacutainer?
Heparin anticoagulant, final product is whole blood/plasma
Blue vacutainer?
Buffered Na & citrate anticoagulant, final product is whole blood/plasma
Gray vacutainer?
K oxalate & NaFl inhibitors anticoagulant, final product is whole blood/plasma
Within how many minutes of collection should you make a smear?
15 minutes
What is leukopoiesis?
The production of white blood cells, stimulated by the presence of antigens in the body
What is granulopoiesis?
The continuum of cell division, differentiation, and maturation of granulocytes
Stages of granulopoiesis?
Stem cell –> myeloblasts –> progranulocytes –> myelocytes –> metamyelocytes –> band cells –> granulocytes
What is agranulopoiesis?
Production of agranulocytes
What is monopoiesis and it’s stages?
The production of monocytes.
Myeloid stem cell –> monoblast –> promonoblast –> monocyte –> macrophage
What is lymphopoiesis?
The production of lymphocytes from their own committed stem cell: the lymphoid stem cell
Three types of lymphocytes?
Natural killers, T-cells, and B-cells
Two types of immune systems?
The innate (non-specific) and the adaptive (specific) immune systems
Innate immune system purpose?
First line of defense by phagocytosis
WBCs involved in the innate immune system?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages
Adaptive immune system purpose?
Second line of defense, slower to develop as it depends on increased antigenic specificity and memory
WBCs involved in the adaptive immune system?
Antibodies, B-cell lymphocytes, and most T-cell lymphocytes
What cells are considered to be part of both immune systems?
Monocytes, natural killer lymphocytes, and natural killer T-cell lymphocytes, since they are cytotoxic (destroy cells)
5 recognized pools of WBCs?
Proliferation, storage, circulating, marginal, tissue
Proliferation pool
In the bone marrow, contains cells that are maturing and not yet released
Storage pool
Primarily located in the spleen and bone marrow, consists of mature cells
Circulating pool
Consists on freely moving cells in the vasculature
Marginal pool
Consists of cells that are stuck to or rolling along the walls of small blood vessels; not freely moving (part of the vasculature)
Tissue pool
Contains WBCs that have left the vasculature to enter various areas of the body; site of most functioning WBCs
What is an increase in circulating WBCs called?
Leukocytosis
What is a decrease in circulating WBCs called?
Leukopenia
What is a left shift in neutrophils?
When there is increased demand for neutrophils (often due to NP loss due to infection or tissue damage), the higher release rate from bone marrow means there are more bands (immature) in circulation
Main function of neutrophils?
Considered primary defense against invasion of tissues, killing bacteria by phagocytosis
Increase of neutrophils?
Neutrophilia
Decrease of neutrophils?
Neutropenia
What is regenerative left shift?
An elevated leukocyte count (leukocytosis) with an increase in immature neutrophils
What is a degenerative left shift?
A low, normal, or slightly elevated total leukocyte count with an increased immature neutrophil count that is greater than the count of mature neutrophils
What is a right shift?
A rare case of increased numbers of older cells in circulation
Three primary signs of neutrophil toxicity?
Dohle bodies, cytoplasmic vacuolation (foaminess), and increased cytoplasmic basophilia
Why does neutrophil toxicity occur?
When systematic inflammatory effect in the bone marrow, it releases ill-formed and improperly matured neutrophils. Basically occurs when bone marrow production is rushed and creates abnormalities.
Main function of eosinophils?
Control or regulation of allergic or anaphylactic reactions, control parasitic infections
Increase of eosinophils?
Eosinophilia
Decrease of eosinophils?
Eosinopenia
Basophil function?
Response to allergic and anaphylactic reaction, inflammatory response
Increase of basophils?
Basophilia
Decrease of basophils?
Basopenia
Function of monocytes?
Phagocytes; “clean-up scavengers”, also the primary link between the innate and adaptive immune systems through antigen processing
Increase of monocytes?
Monocytosis
Decrease of monocytes?
Monocytopenia
Where do lymphocyte natural killer cells mature?
In the secondary lymphoid tissue (spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes)
Where do B-cell lymphocytes mature?
In the bone marrow
Where do T-cell lymphocytes mature?
In the thymus
Lymphocyte function?
Responsible for antibody production, for killing virus-infected and tumour cells. Also regulate immune system.
Decrease in lymphocytes?
Lymphopenia
Increase in lymphocytes?
Lymphocytosis
