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Hematology 1 > Hematology Test 1 > Flashcards

Hematology Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is hematology?

A

Study of blood and tissues that form, store, or circulate blood cells

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2
Q

Blood functions?

A

Carries oxygen, nutrients, waste. Bathes all other cells in body

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3
Q

Blood plays a roll in?

A

Water and electrolyte balance, temperature control, immune system function

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4
Q

How much blood does an animal have?

A

5-10% in relation to body weight

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5
Q

How much blood can one safely remove from an animal?

A

20% of total blood volume

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6
Q

Most common cell in blood?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

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7
Q

Heaviest blood cell?

A

Erythrocytes

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8
Q

Most common cell in blood?

A

Erythrocytes (1/4 - 1/2 of total blood volume)

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9
Q

Second most common cell in blood?

A

Thrombocytes (platelets)

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10
Q

Most common leukocyte?

A

Neutrophils

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11
Q

Plasma proteins (3)

A

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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12
Q

Process in which blood is produced?

A

Process called hematopoiesis

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13
Q

Where do blood cells arise from?

A

A common stem cell, or pluripotent cell, located in bone marrow

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14
Q

In the first half of fetal development, what are the major sites of blood cell production?

A

The liver and spleen

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15
Q

In the second half of fetal development, what are the major sites of blood cell production?

A

The bone marrow and lymphoid organs

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16
Q

Throughout adult life, what are the major sites of blood cell production?

A

From stem cells in the bone marrow

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17
Q

In times of great demand, where can blood cells be produced?

A

The spleen, liver, and lymph nodes

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18
Q

Problems with blood collection (6)

A
  1. Altered blood values due to partial draw or incomplete mixing with anticoagulant
  2. Hemolysis (ruptured RBCs)
  3. Deterioration of sample
  4. Water present in syringe or needle
  5. Slow collection or delayed transfer to anticoagulant
  6. Overheating or freezing samples
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19
Q

What is serum?

A

The liquid that remains after the clotting of blood. Is absent of fibrinogen, a clotting factor in plasma

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20
Q

Ways an anticoagulant prevents blood from clotting?

A
  1. Inhibiting some of the enzymes involved in the clotting process
  2. Eliminating calcium, which is need for clotting
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21
Q

Common anticoagulants?

A
  1. Heparin
  2. Oxalates, citrate, and fluoride
  3. EDTA
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22
Q

What is heparin?

A

An anticoagulant that inhibits thrombin. Cons: Can cause clumping of platelets, interferes with WBC stain ability, is expensive

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23
Q

What are oxalates, citrate, and fluoride?

A

Anticoagulants that precipitate calcium from the blood. Oxalates shrink RBCs

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24
Q

What is EDTA?

A

Ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid, an anticoagulant that binds calcium. Preserves cell walls but can cause hemolysis in birds and reptiles. Is the most common

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25
Q

Red vacutainer?

A

No anticoagulant, final product is serum

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26
Q

Tiger pattern vacutainer?

A

No anticoagulant, final product is serum. Has a silicone plug

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27
Q

Yellow vacutainer?

A

NaCl anticoagulant, final product is serum

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28
Q

Lavender vacutainer?

A

EDTA anticoagulant, final product is whole blood/plasma

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29
Q

Green vacutainer?

A

Heparin anticoagulant, final product is whole blood/plasma

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30
Q

Blue vacutainer?

A

Buffered Na & citrate anticoagulant, final product is whole blood/plasma

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31
Q

Gray vacutainer?

A

K oxalate & NaFl inhibitors anticoagulant, final product is whole blood/plasma

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32
Q

Within how many minutes of collection should you make a smear?

A

15 minutes

33
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

The production of white blood cells, stimulated by the presence of antigens in the body

34
Q

What is granulopoiesis?

A

The continuum of cell division, differentiation, and maturation of granulocytes

35
Q

Stages of granulopoiesis?

A

Stem cell –> myeloblasts –> progranulocytes –> myelocytes –> metamyelocytes –> band cells –> granulocytes

36
Q

What is agranulopoiesis?

A

Production of agranulocytes

37
Q

What is monopoiesis and it’s stages?

A

The production of monocytes.
Myeloid stem cell –> monoblast –> promonoblast –> monocyte –> macrophage

38
Q

What is lymphopoiesis?

A

The production of lymphocytes from their own committed stem cell: the lymphoid stem cell

39
Q

Three types of lymphocytes?

A

Natural killers, T-cells, and B-cells

40
Q

Two types of immune systems?

A

The innate (non-specific) and the adaptive (specific) immune systems

41
Q

Innate immune system purpose?

A

First line of defense by phagocytosis

42
Q

WBCs involved in the innate immune system?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages

43
Q

Adaptive immune system purpose?

A

Second line of defense, slower to develop as it depends on increased antigenic specificity and memory

44
Q

WBCs involved in the adaptive immune system?

A

Antibodies, B-cell lymphocytes, and most T-cell lymphocytes

45
Q

What cells are considered to be part of both immune systems?

A

Monocytes, natural killer lymphocytes, and natural killer T-cell lymphocytes, since they are cytotoxic (destroy cells)

46
Q

5 recognized pools of WBCs?

A

Proliferation, storage, circulating, marginal, tissue

47
Q

Proliferation pool

A

In the bone marrow, contains cells that are maturing and not yet released

48
Q

Storage pool

A

Primarily located in the spleen and bone marrow, consists of mature cells

49
Q

Circulating pool

A

Consists on freely moving cells in the vasculature

50
Q

Marginal pool

A

Consists of cells that are stuck to or rolling along the walls of small blood vessels; not freely moving (part of the vasculature)

51
Q

Tissue pool

A

Contains WBCs that have left the vasculature to enter various areas of the body; site of most functioning WBCs

52
Q

What is an increase in circulating WBCs called?

A

Leukocytosis

53
Q

What is a decrease in circulating WBCs called?

A

Leukopenia

54
Q

What is a left shift in neutrophils?

A

When there is increased demand for neutrophils (often due to NP loss due to infection or tissue damage), the higher release rate from bone marrow means there are more bands (immature) in circulation

55
Q

Main function of neutrophils?

A

Considered primary defense against invasion of tissues, killing bacteria by phagocytosis

56
Q

Increase of neutrophils?

A

Neutrophilia

57
Q

Decrease of neutrophils?

A

Neutropenia

58
Q

What is regenerative left shift?

A

An elevated leukocyte count (leukocytosis) with an increase in immature neutrophils

59
Q

What is a degenerative left shift?

A

A low, normal, or slightly elevated total leukocyte count with an increased immature neutrophil count that is greater than the count of mature neutrophils

60
Q

What is a right shift?

A

A rare case of increased numbers of older cells in circulation

61
Q

Three primary signs of neutrophil toxicity?

A

Dohle bodies, cytoplasmic vacuolation (foaminess), and increased cytoplasmic basophilia

62
Q

Why does neutrophil toxicity occur?

A

When systematic inflammatory effect in the bone marrow, it releases ill-formed and improperly matured neutrophils. Basically occurs when bone marrow production is rushed and creates abnormalities.

63
Q

Main function of eosinophils?

A

Control or regulation of allergic or anaphylactic reactions, control parasitic infections

64
Q

Increase of eosinophils?

A

Eosinophilia

65
Q

Decrease of eosinophils?

A

Eosinopenia

66
Q

Basophil function?

A

Response to allergic and anaphylactic reaction, inflammatory response

67
Q

Increase of basophils?

A

Basophilia

68
Q

Decrease of basophils?

A

Basopenia

69
Q

Function of monocytes?

A

Phagocytes; “clean-up scavengers”, also the primary link between the innate and adaptive immune systems through antigen processing

70
Q

Increase of monocytes?

A

Monocytosis

71
Q

Decrease of monocytes?

A

Monocytopenia

72
Q

Where do lymphocyte natural killer cells mature?

A

In the secondary lymphoid tissue (spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes)

73
Q

Where do B-cell lymphocytes mature?

A

In the bone marrow

74
Q

Where do T-cell lymphocytes mature?

A

In the thymus

75
Q

Lymphocyte function?

A

Responsible for antibody production, for killing virus-infected and tumour cells. Also regulate immune system.

76
Q

Decrease in lymphocytes?

A

Lymphopenia

77
Q

Increase in lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytosis

78
Q
A

Hematology 1 (4 decks)

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