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Hematology > Hematology - Hemoglobin > Flashcards

Hematology - Hemoglobin Flashcards

1
Q

Megaloblastic anaemia

A
  • Sulphasalazine
  • Phenytoin
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2
Q

Macrocytic anaemia with a megaloblastic bone marrow

A
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency
  • Folate deficiency
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3
Q

Macrocytic anaemia with a normoblastic bone marrow

A
  • Alcohol
  • Liver disease
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Pregnancy
  • Reticulocytosis
  • Myelodysplasia
  • Drugs: cytotoxics
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4
Q

Causes of macrocytosis with pancytopenia

A
  • Infections (e.g., tickborne disease and HIV)
  • Vitamin deficiencies (vitamin B12 or folate)
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5
Q

Sideroblastic anemia

A
  • Congenital
  • Acquired:
    ** myelodysplasia,
    ** alcohol,
    ** lead,
    ** anti-TB medications
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6
Q

Microcytic anemia

A
  • Iron-deficiency anemia
  • Thalassaemia: in beta-thalassaemia minor the microcytosis is often disproportionate to the anemia
  • Congenital sideroblastic anemia
  • Lead poisoning
  • Anemia of chronic disease (more commonly a normocytic, normochromic picture)
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7
Q

Causes of normocytic anaemia

A
  • Anaemia of chronic disease
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Aplastic anaemia
  • Haemolytic anaemia
  • Acute blood loss
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8
Q

Aplastic anemia

A
  • Idiopathic
  • Congenital: Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita
  • Drugs: cytotoxics, chloramphenicol, sulphonamides, phenytoin, gold
  • Toxins: benzene
  • Parvovirus, hepatitis
  • Radiation
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9
Q

Causes of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

A
  • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
  • Hemolytic uremic syndrome
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation
  • Malignant hypertension
  • Vasculitis
  • Eclampsia
  • HELLP (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelets) syndrome
  • Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
  • Scleroderma renal crisis
  • Metastatic cancer
  • Calcineurin inhibitors
  • Solid organ transplant rejection
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10
Q

Hemolysis in patients with G6PD deficiency

A
  • Sulfonylureas
  • Sulphasalazine
  • Primaquine
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Sulphonamides
  • Rasburicase
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11
Q

Some drugs thought to be safe in G6PD deficiency

A
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Macrolides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Trimethoprim
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12
Q

Cold AIHA (IgM)

A
  • Neoplasia: e.g. lymphoma
  • Infections: e.g. mycoplasma, Legionella, EBV, CMV, Malaria
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13
Q

Warm AIHA

A
  • Autoimmune disease: e.g. SLE
  • Neoplasia: e.g. lymphoma, CLL
  • Drugs: e.g. methyldopa
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14
Q

Intravascular haemolysis

A
  • Mismatched blood transfusion
  • G6PD deficiency
  • Red cell fragmentation: heart valves,TTP, DIC, HUS
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
  • Cold autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
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15
Q

Extravascular haemolysis

A
  • Haemoglobinopathies: sickle cell, thalassaemia
  • Hereditary spherocytosis
  • Haemolytic disease of newborn
  • Warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
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16
Q

Acquired haemolytic anemia: Causes of immune destruction of red cells

A
  • Autoimmune haemolytic anaemias
  • Drug-induced immune haemolytic anemia
  • Alloimmune haemolytic anemia
17
Q

Acquired haemolytic anemia: Causes of non-immune destruction of red cells

A
  • Acquired membrane defects (e.g. paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria)
  • Mechanical factors (e.g. prosthetic heart valves, or microangiopathic haemolytic anemia)
  • Secondary to systemic disease (e.g. renal and liver disease)
18
Q

Conditions associated with hemolysis and a positive DAT result

A
  • Hemolytic disease of the newborn
  • Drug-induced hemolytic anemias
  • Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
  • Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction
  • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, cold agglutinin syndrome, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, mixed-type autoimmune hemolytic anemia)
19
Q

Conditions associated with a positive DAT result, with or without hemolysis

A
  • Exogenous immune globulin administration
  • Recent hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation
  • Recent solid organ transplantation
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Infectious mononucleosis
  • Some hematologic diseases, including lymphoproliferative diseases
20
Q

Conditions associated with hemolysis and a negative DAT result

A
  • Microangiopathic hemolytic anemias (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, disseminated intravascular coagulation)
  • Hypersplenism
  • Liver disease
  • Hemoglobinopathies (sickle cell disease, thalassemia)
  • Erythrocyte membranopathies (spherocytosis)
  • Deficiencies of erythrocyte enzymes (G-6-PD deficiency, pyruvate kinase deficiency)
  • Infectious diseases (Clostridium difficile infection)
  • Erythrocyte trauma (mechanical heart valves, improper use of blood warmers)
21
Q

Causes of secondary polycythemia

A
  • Living in a high altitude
  • Androgen supplementation
  • Pulmonary/heart diseases (sleep apnea, COPD, cardiac shunting)
  • Renal cell or liver tumors

Hematology (7 decks)

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